Woven Messages Of Shakespeare s Macbeth - 1460 Words

Woven Messages in Shakespeare s Macbeth Megan Ball 16 June 2015 Double, double toil and trouble; fire burn ad cauldron bubble. (Macbeth, 4.1.10)King James I s obsession with witches and the supernatural sparked Shakespeare’s creation of his most famous tragedy Macbeth. Macbeth illustrates the story of the General, who ruthlessly murders the King in order to gain power which he did not deserve. Along with being an entertaining piece of literature, it also serves as a successful piece of political propaganda. Key themes in this play which link together to form the political propaganda of the time include the Natural Order, Gender and Kingship. Political propaganda can be defined as ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated that are spread in order to help a cause. Macbeth certainly fits this description. 500 years earlier in Scotland, James IV of Scotland became King James I of Britain. Unsupportive citizens at the time developed conspiracies, one of which was the famous Gunpowder Plot. The conspiracy s leader Guy Fawkes and his men attempted to blow up the British Parliament in 1605. The conspirators were betrayed and were executed for their crimes. In this manner Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is to some extent a cautionary tale, warning other potential regicides of the awful fate that will inevitably overtake them. In similar ways, other texts have been used as allegories and symbols for historical political events. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is anShow MoreRelatedWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 Pagesthe courtly lover -- the one who would brood upon loves bitter mystery. Yeats was Mr. Nice Guy. Yet Yeats wanted to be the actor - the alpha male - the Fergus. Note the sexualized subtext that permeates the poem, who will pierce the deep woods woven shade? Who will drive with Fergus. Finally, we get the reasons to be the alpha male - the man of action, in the repetition of the word rules. The alpha commands and takes what he wants. †¢ Im not sure if Fergus is man or God as the last four

Consumer Generated Advertising Essay examples - 2710 Words

Consumer Generated Advertising in Today’s Marketing World March 29, 2011 With the increasing development of technology, advertising has changed significantly. These changes force organizations to adapt and embrace new concepts. The traditional way of advertising put all the control in the businesses hands although now this control shifted to the consumers. ‘Consumers are now creating their own ads for the brands they love and hate, using inexpensive software and powerful personal computers, and then distributing these via social networks such as YouTube’ (Peter Steyn, 2010). Consumer generated advertising is centered on what individuals, that consume a product or service, relay about their experience. Therefore these†¦show more content†¦Organizations can find information on what consumer prefer by analyzing consumer generated advertising and what is liked or disliked about other products. There are many implications of consumer generated advertising on marketing practices and consumer marketer relations. Some of the positive implications are cost, more diversity, and increased ties to consumers. The downsides include having to sort through all of the advertisements to find the best ones and the ideas may be lower caliber than ones generated by paid associates. The main implication of consumer generated advertising is cost. This is because you are spending less money on employee’s salaries, advertisements, and because companies have less space to fall if they fail. When companies engage in consumer generated advertising they are paying less for their marketing staff to generate ideas. They are also spending less on overall advertising because they just put out that they want people to come up for advertisements for a certain good or service and then they pay to air those commercials. This is better as well due to the fact that consumer generated advertisements have more impact on sales (Moskowitz, 2006). When companies are not paying as much for the advertisements then it is not as big of a deal if the advertisements are not as effective. When companies engage in consumer generated advertising they are getting very creativeShow MoreRelatedUser Generated Content Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesUser-generated content Brianna Hughes Northeaster State University User generated content is on the verge in the media industry and becoming a world wide system used on the internet and in commercials. The growth of new media has increased communication between many people all over the world. People are able to speak their mind through websites, blogs, pictures, and other user-generated media. User-generated content is another way for people to access things at a quicker pace with fastRead MoreBenefits Of Search Engine Advertising Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit of search engine advertising. Search Engines There are many search engines that searchers choose to use such as Yahoo, Bing or Google. These search engines generate billions of dollars in revenue through advertising. Bing is estimated to generate $5.3 billion in advertising revenue in 2016 (Ovide, 2016). Bing is owned by Microsoft and is its lowest business priority. Yet, Bing has outperformed its competition Yahoo which generated $4.9 billion in advertising revenue. Microsoft has createdRead MoreThe Social Media Consumers Health Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Media Consumers Health The social media industry’s fast development over the last decade has been changing prescription drugs advertising because most pharmaceutical companies are aware that many American consumers are regularly using social media platforms. For example, according to Kees et al. â€Å"Barely or Fairly Balancing Drug Risks? Content and Format Effects in Direct-To-Consumer Online Prescription Drug Promotions† 37% of Americans searched the internet for information on prescriptionRead MoreGoogle vs Facebook: Internet Marketing Essays596 Words   |  3 Pagescontrolled by two IT giants, Google and Facebook. In this article we discuss the marketing strategies, services and the ongoing battle between these two giants that has over taken the advertising world from radio and television and spun billions of dollars in the process Google and Facebook, both started out without any advertising services. While Google was primarily a search engine, Facebook offered itself as an attractive social networking alternative. As both of them grew in size and popularity, theyRead MoreMarketing Plan At Unisex Salon1107 Words   |  5 Pagespromotion, advertising, and budget for a Unisex salon that targets both men and women. The scene of makeup has diversified over both genders and hence the business has found it productive to invest in satisfying the potential consumer needs for both genders. Promotion Section I will always ensure that the relationship between my Unisex Salon and the potential consumers is exclusively productive and positive besides operating towards the realization of optimum satisfaction of consumer needs. TheRead MorePromotion: A Cost or Benefit to the Organization?666 Words   |  3 Pagesof the four foundational elements of marketing, promotion is essential for creating a high level of awareness, interest and contributes to the trial of new products. The effects of promotional strategies are often seen in the context of broader advertising initiatives and programs designed to attract new prospects and turn them into customers (Villarejo-Ramos, Manuel, 2005). Promotion therefore is more of an investment and less of an expense, in that it contributes to the long-term success of a brandRead MoreThe Relevant Theories Of Advertising1354 Words   |  6 Pages2.2.2. Relevant Theories of Advertising When discussing within the advertising sector, a universally praised model must to mention is AIDA-model. Lewis (1898) first proposed the concept to describe the steps of consumer behaviour that occurred from the time when a consumer first became aware of a product or brand through to when the consumer tried a product or made a purchase decision (Priyanka, 2013). The model had four psychological stages including awareness, interest, desire, and action (HassanRead MoreA Brief Note On Dove Tackles Social Issues880 Words   |  4 Pagesutilize for branding, promotion, and even learning about some consumer behaviors (Winch, A., 2015). One tool, called Leximancer, used for data-mining, in an application based on algorithms and allows for the interpretation of prose data along with a visual depiction (Campbell et al, 2011). What is gained by using Leximancer are overall interpretations and a better understanding about how consumers behave, using data and consumer generated feedback to n arrow specific criteria into themes, ideas, conceptsRead MoreCustomer Reviews On Hotel Bookings1084 Words   |  5 Pagesown peril. According to the paper, a 2010 study by Mckinsey and Co. claimed that â€Å"word of mouth is the primary factor behind twenty to fifty percent of all purchasing decisions† and that â€Å"marketing-induced consumer-to-consumer word of mouth generates more than twice the sales of paid advertising in categories as diverse as skincare and mobile phones.† Considering the previously presented evidence, I believe any hotel that plans to be successful should be actively engaged in managing online reviewsRead MoreMarketing Plan Blogger1586 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough audio content. User generated content and blogging continue to connect individuals and groups while providing an avenue to feel needed and part of something. People are using these avenues to create business, drive revenue, gain information, and advertise products and services, an d present views on a variety of topics. Environment trends: Individuals and Corporations are starting to depend on the blogging industry, podcasting industry, and user generated content industry as a way to convey

Theories as the Basis for Nursing Practice free essay sample

Abstract Theory development is the fundamental step for expansion of nursing knowledge. The knowledge has been borrowed from different disciplines to build the nursing theories. The categorization of theories is based on their scope of practice. The grand nursing theories are the most complex and abstract in their nature. Middle range theories are inducted mostly from grand nursing theories. Orem’s self-care model is clear and descriptive; the theory has been applied, analyzed in a precise method to various areas in the current nursing practice successfully. A comprehensive knowledge of nursing theories is an integral part of graduate nursing. Initially I was also wondering just like the graduate student in the beginning of chapter 2 in (McEwen amp; Willis, 2011) about the application of theory to nursing practice. However the initial theory classes were lot of information in a short duration. Over the time of the course it became clear that theory development in nursing has been crucial to nursing emerging as a profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories as the Basis for Nursing Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The knowledge for nursing theory development has been based on silent knowledge, where the role is limited to following physician orders, received knowledge; this is the information from other fields like sociology, psychology, physiology and anthropology. Later on the theory development was based on individual experiences, practical skills and procedures and empirical data and evidence based practices (McEwen amp; Willis, 2011). Initially it was extremely difficult to comprehend the grand theories, however, as mentioned by Professor Williams (2012) analyzing the grand theories in the context of meta paradigms like human, environment, nursing and health made it quite interesting and simple to understand M. Y. Williams (personal communication, October 12, 2012). The analysis of theories based on the concept development and the logical relationships between the concepts, provides the opportunity to conduct further research in the nursing practice. Grando (2005) described the use of Orem’s theory to guide nursing practice as an example of modern nursing to distinguish nursing from medicine. Grando (2005) successfully implemented a self-care deficit model while treating patients to maintain mental health functioning. She developed a tool based on conditioning of the basic human factors leads to self care requisites like changing behaviors, re framing the habits and managing feelings. Grando (2005) was able to cultivate self care agencies like adequate knowledge, judgment and perception modification to facilitate aintenance of mental health. SCNDT has been successfully implemented in various settings like care of the patient with learning disability. Orem’s model was used in the nursing process to assess the needs of a patient named Sara suffering with Asthma and formulated the nursing diagnosis and care plan based on the needs identified. â€Å"The human needs are categorized into food, air, water, shelter, rest, social interaction, prevention of hazards and maintaining adequate normal function level† (Horan, Doran amp; Timmins, 2004, p. 35 ). The patient was asked to maintain a diary of all the teachings and the interventions to track the progress of the care plan. The conclusion of the study was: It proved as a useful frame work in this situation because Sara was involved in the entire process. From this she became aware of issues relating to her self- care needs and how to meet them. The authors have found that using Orem’s (2001) model in this practice setting has greatly enhanced Sara’s self-care abilities and acknowledgement of deficits plus, preventing possible future problems.

Natural Disasters

Amin, S. Goldstein, M. P. (2008). Data Against Natural Disasters: Establishing Effective Systems for Relief, Recovery, and Reconstruction. Washington, DC: World Bank Publication. Amin and Goldstein (2008) inform that â€Å"natural disasters have become a constant feature of the global landscape† (p. 1) from the very beginning. Their main purpose is to inform the reader about the dangers of natural disasters and the support that is usually provided by the government to those, who suffered from these disasters.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Natural Disasters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea of policy makers is also described in this book and helps to realize that numerous steps are already taken to improve the situation and properly arrange disaster management. Casale, R Margottini, C. (2004). Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development. New York, NY: Springer. This source is a unique collection of the material about natural disasters, their outcomes, and impacts on human lives. The authors inform that â€Å"during the period 1965-1999, a total of 1 995 000 mortal casualties due to violent natural disasters were recorded in the world, according to data from cited sources† (Casale Margottini, 2004, p. 274). People live in constant conflict with the environment, and natural disasters are considered to be the most terrible outcome of this conflict that cannot be still solved. Cherry, K.E. (2009). Lifespan Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Coping with Katrina, Rita, and Other Storms. New York, NY: Springer. The author of this book represents a collection of the works which evaluate natural disasters and their outcomes from different perspectives. The lives of many individuals are under a threat of disasters because of impossibility to prevent them or reduce (Cherry, 2009). Such disasters like Katrina or Rita are characterized by serious outcomes, an d these results have to be evaluated thoroughly to make the necessary conclusions. Hyndman, D. Hyndman, D. (2009). Natural Hazards and Disasters. Belmont, MA: Cengage Learning. The team of famous geologists introduces a powerful source of information where all important points concerning natural disasters, their reasons, and outcomes are described. Humans cannot even comprehend that they put themselves in danger living at the tops of the cliffs just in order to have a magnificent view from the window (Hyndman Hyndman, 2009). It is obligatory to prevent them against such mistakes, and these authors make this attempt in their book. Pan American Health Organization. (2000). Natural Disaster: Protecting the Public’s Health. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. The authors of this book underline the fact that natural disaster can be hardly prevented, however, it is still possible to reduce their impact on human lives. This is why it is very important to manage the n ecessary activities and evaluate all types of natural disasters.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though â€Å"many mistaken assumptions are associated with the impact of disasters on public health† (Pan American Health Organization, 2000, p. 9), it is better to differentiate the existed myths and realities, and this source provides the necessary grounds. Officer, C. Page, J. (2009). When the Planet Rages: Natural Disasters, Global Warming and the Future of the Earth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Weather conditions and human impact on environment are the burning topics to discuss. Each year, the total cost caused by natural disasters increases considerably (Officer Page, 2009), this is why it is better to spend more money to analyze and prevent the most terrible outcomes of natural disasters than wait for them and believe that this time e verything will be better than the previous time. These writers evaluate the idea of global warming and its influence on the development of disasters in order to be ready to prevent people. Pelling, M. (2003). Natural Disasters and Development in a Globalizing World. New York, NY: Routledge. The author of this book represents a captivating collection of ideas offered by different people. It is very important to connect global processes with natural disasters and define whether it is possible to prevent or reduce disasters or not. â€Å"There is no lower limit of loss for events that can be classified as catastrophic† (Pelling, 2003, p. 4), and world’s development promotes this impossibility to set one concrete limit. The process of globalization plays a very important role in investigations of natural disasters, this is why the author pays certain attention to these issues as well. Prophet, E.C. (2008). Is Mother Nature Mad?: How to Work with Nature Spirits to Mitigate Natural Disasters. Gardiner, MT: Summit University Press. There is a great variety of natural disasters that have to be evaluated and studied by people. In this book, the author touches upon such question like why Mother Nature is so mad at people and what the causes of her madness are. A proper division of chapters allows to understand the essence of each disaster and the outcomes that can and cannot predict. â€Å"Natural disasters have resulted in a tremendous loss of life and resources† (Prophet, 2008, p.6), and this book helps to study all these items and losses deeper. Stern, G. (2007). Can God Intervene?: How Religion Explains Natural Disasters. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. The question concerning the role of God in human lives and the conditions under which they have to live is regarded as one of the most discussed issues for a long period of time (Stern, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Natural Disasters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author of this book makes a wonderful attempt to evaluate God’s position in respect to all those natural disasters which disturb people. It is not enough say whether it is better to rely on God or personal powers, and the author represents a captivating evaluation of the events that have to be considered while studying natural disasters. Viegas, J. (2007). Critical Perspectives on Natural Disasters. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. The peculiar feature of this informative book is its collection of different articles about natural disasters and their effects. Ideas of different people from different backgrounds are represented in one source and evaluate the positions under which humans live day by day. Viegas (2007) properly admits that â€Å"we like to think that we have complete control over our lives, but nature is a powerful ever-present force that we almost take for grant ed† (p. 5). References Amin, S. Goldstein, M.P. (2008). Data Against Natural Disasters: Establishing Effective Systems for Relief, Recovery, and Reconstruction. Washington, DC: World Bank Publication. Casale, R Margottini, C. (2004). Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development. New York, NY: Springer. Cherry, K.E. (2009). Lifespan Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Coping with Katrina, Rita, and Other Storms. New York, NY: Springer. Hyndman, D. Hyndman, D. (2009). Natural Hazards and Disasters. Belmont, MA: Cengage Learning.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Officer, C. Page, J. (2009). When the Planet Rages: Natural Disasters, Global Warming and the Future of the Earth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Pan American Health Organization. (2000). Natural Disaster: Protecting the Public’s Health. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Org. Pelling, M. (2003). Natural Disasters and Development in a Globalizing World. New York, NY: Routledge. Prophet, E.C. (2008). Is Mother Nature Mad?: How to Work with Nature Spirits to Mitigate Natural Disasters. Gardiner, NY: Summit University Press. Stern, G. (2007). Can God Intervene?: How Religion Explains Natural Disasters. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. This annotated bibliography on Natural Disasters was written and submitted by user Francisco Talley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom The Origin of African American Oppression essay

buy custom The Origin of African American Oppression essay Introduction Initially, the African Americans were known as the Negros in America. These were the descendants of Africans captured as slaves or prisoners of war from the African countries by the American and Arab traders. During the early 1660s, most Africans from the West and Central Africa were kidnapped and taken to America to work on the farms and as domestic workers. The captives worked under harsh environments. The Americans mistreated them, and this led to the emergence of African-America Oppression. Origin of African American Oppression Finkelman (2006) observes that the African American oppression started due to the slave trade. It is believed the first Africans arrived in America at around 1619. At this time, only 19 Africans originated from the West African countries. They were taken to America to be servants, but not slaves. After several years of working, Americans discovered the Africans had the potential to give the best output and; thus, led to a high demand for more Africans. Consequentially, more Africans were captured forcefully from mostly the West an Central African countries. Some slaves were also kidnapped from the East African countries and Madagascar. Finkelman (2006) indicates that ten million Africans were transported to the Western countries as slaves. During this time, most slaves were taken to other countries as only 3% were ferried to America. As slaves taken to countries like Trinidad died due to poor climatic conditions, the ones in America survived, as medical services were provided. The Af ricans worked under extremely harsh climatic conditions under their whites masters. They were taken to the plantations of coffee, sugarcane and tobacco. Despite the fact that slaves had their own rights, they were not paid their wages. The rise in output from the Americans farms led to high demand for the slaves. As at 1700, the highest number of slaves was experienced in America. Research asserts that, by 1700, there were 25,000 slaves of the African origin. That was not a small number, as it was roughly 3% of the total American population. These were the descendants of the slaves taken to Trinidad and Tobago. Some were imported from Africa. Considering this high number of the Africans, it was now open that they were in America as slaves. They resided in coffee plantations and the Port cities. They formed their own traditions and cultures as their numbers escalated. By 1750, there were more than 50,000 Africans living under slavery. Civil rights movements against oppression of African Americans Africans were now officially known as slaves in America. They were oppressed and denied various rights. Among the things denied, was access to quality education. An African child could not attend the same school with Americans. They also could not use the same road with Whites. This led to numerous uprisings opposing slavery and oppression of the African Americans. According to West and Glaude (2003), in 1773, a woman of African American descent wrote a book condemning the oppression of the Africans. She was the first African to take the step. This was followed by a revolution, in 1787, when North America banned slavery. West and Glaude (2003) also assert that the Northern American constitution condemned slavery and anyone found could be accused of going against human rights. Later on in Virginia, an African slave against slavery organized a radical revolt. The laws of Virginia could not entertain this and thus led to hanging of the rebels. More other revolts were organized against this act of oppression. At around 1808, the Congress banned the importation of slaves from Africa. Several states followed suit and banned slavery. Some African and America preachers also rose to condemn slavery as an evil act against fellow human. After a long fight, revolution was experienced in America and marked the end of slavery. How Civil Rights movements incorporated oppression However, the emergence of the civil rights movements was meant to abolish the oppression the African Americans, at some point this happened to be ironical. As revolts were organized, many Africans were arrested and punished for that, thus; oppressed. It even went to the extent of them being hanged by the Whites. The formation of the civil movement seemed to be more harm than of help. The civil movement also signed treaties that affected the African America. The treaties led to elongation of the slavery period as there were disagreements between the leaders of the civil society and the Federal government. The civil movement did not want the Federal government to end the slavery, as they preferred the states to do it. This incorporated the oppression of the African Americans because the Federal government could not agree with them. At some point, the Federal government even threatened to use force to against the States. Notably, the civil rights movements also incorporated oppression o f the African American. In conclusion, African American oppression began in 1619 when the first blacks arrived in America, to work as servants of the Whites. This led to importation of more Africans to the West to work in the farms and as domestic workers. Most of them died due to unfavorable climatic conditions. They lived under harsh conditions, and this led to revolutions later by anti-slavery groups and the Africans. Eventually slavery was banned in America after protests, and the meeting of the Congress. Buy custom The Origin of African American Oppression essay

10 Fascinating Facts About Fleas

10 Fascinating Facts About Fleas Fleas?! Theyve (literally) plagued humankind for centuries, but how much do you know about these common insects? Lets start with these 10 fascinating facts about fleas. Fleas Are Infamous for Their Role in Transmitting the Black Death During the Middle Ages, tens of millions of people died of the plague, or Black Death, as it spread across Asia and Europe. Cities were particularly hard hit. London lost 20% of its population to the plague in just two years during the mid-1600s. It wasnt until the dawn of the 20th century, however, that we identified the cause of the plague – a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. What does this have to do with fleas? Fleas carry the plague bacteria and transmit it to humans. An outbreak of the plague often kills a large number of rodents, particularly rats, and those bloodthirsty, plague-infected fleas are forced to find a new food source – humans. And the plague isnt a disease of the past, either. Were fortunate to live in an age when antibiotics and good sanitation practices keep plague deaths to a minimum. Fleas Lay Their Eggs on Other Animals, Not in Your Carpet A common misunderstanding about fleas is that they lay their eggs in your carpeting and furniture. Fleas actually lay their eggs on their animal host, meaning if your dog Fido has adult fleas living in his fur, those adult fleas are doing their best to keep him infested with their offspring. Flea eggs, however, arent particularly sticky or well suited for staying put, so they mostly roll off your pet and land in his dog bed or on the carpet. Fleas Lay a Lot of Eggs Without intervention, a few fleas on Fido can quickly become a maddening flea infestation that feels impossible to defeat. Thats because fleas, like bed bugs and other bloodsucking pests, will multiply quickly once theyve found a good host animal. A single adult flea can lay 50 eggs per day if its well fed on Fidos blood, and in its short lifespan can produce 2,000 eggs. Adult Fleas Poop Blood Fleas feed exclusively on blood, using their piercing, sucking mouthparts to siphon it from their hosts. An adult flea may take as many as 15 blood meals in a single day. And like any animal, a flea produces waste at the end of the digestion process. Flea feces are essentially dried blood residue. When they hatch, flea larvae feed on this dried blood waste, which is usually left in the host animals bedding. Fleas Are Skinny Fleas typically inhabit the fur or feathers of host animals. If they were built like most bugs, they would quickly become entangled. Flea bodies are quite thin and smooth, making it easy for a flea to move freely between pieces of fur or feathers on their hosts. A fleas proboscis, the straw-shaped beak that enables it to pierce skin and siphon blood from its host, remains tucked under its belly and between its legs when not in use. Most Flea Infestations in Homes Are Cat Fleas, Even in Homes Without Cats Remarkably, scientists estimate there are over 2,500 species of fleas on the planet. Within the lower 48 U.S. states, flea species number approximately 325. But when fleas infest a human habitation, theyre almost always cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis. Dont blame kitties for this annoyance, though, because despite their common name, cat fleas are just as likely to feed on dogs as they are on cats. Dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) can also be a pest problem but are mainly found on dogs that spend all or most of their time outdoors. Giant Fleas Plagued Dinosaurs as Early as 165 Million Years Ago Compression fossils from Inner Mongolia and China suggest that fleas pestered the dinosaurs, too. Two species, dubbed Pseudopulex jurassicus  and  Pseudopulex magnus, lived in the Mesozoic era.  The larger of the two dino flea species, Pseudopulex magnus, was an impressive 0.8 inches long, with equally impressive mouthparts capable of piercing dinosaur skin. These ancestors of todays fleas lacked the ability to jump, however. Fleas Prefer Humid Environments Fleas dont thrive in low humidity, which is why they arent as much of a pest problem in arid areas like the Southwest. Dry air prolongs the flea life cycle, and when the relative humidity falls below 60 or 70%, flea larvae may not survive. Conversely, the flea life cycle accelerates when the humidity is high, so keep that in mind when trying to control a flea infestation. Anything you can do to dry out the air in your home will help you win the battle against these bloodthirsty pests. Fleas Are Skilled Jumpers Fleas dont fly, and they would never be able to catch your dog in a foot race (despite having six legs to Fidos four). So how are these tiny insects able to get around? Fleas are amazingly adept at flinging themselves into the air. Cat fleas, our most common flea pest, can propel themselves a full 12 inches forward or upward. Thats a jumping distance equal to roughly 150 times its own height. Some sources compare this to a human landing a long jump of nearly 1,000 feet. Fleas Aren't Picky About Whose Blood They'll Drink In 1895, the Los Angeles Herald offered some facts about fleas to its readers. The flea, the Herald writer declared, shows a preference for women, children, and persons with thin skins. Thick-skinned men may have been offered a false sense of security by this column because fleas will gladly drink whatever blood is available to them. Fleas are sensitive to the vibrations that travel through the floor as people and pets walk through the house. They can also detect the presence of carbon dioxide we exhale. Should a sound or scent suggest a potential blood host is nearby, the hungry flea will jump in its direction, without considering first whether the host is a man, woman, or child. Sources: Plague: The Black Death, National Geographic website. Accessed online October 18, 2016.Plague: Ecology and Transmission, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed online October 18, 2016.Ridding Your Home of Fleas, by Mike Potter, University of Kentucky Department of Entomology, fact sheet #602. Accessed online October 18, 2016.Some Facts About Fleas, Los Angeles Herald, Volume 44, Number 73, 23 June 1895, page 21.Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, 6th edition, by Jerome Goddard.Fleas, Purdue University Department of Entomology. Accessed online October 18, 2016.Giant Bloodsuckers! Oldest Fleas Discovered, by Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience website, February 29, 2012. Accessed online October 18, 2016.Monster Fleas Put the Bite on Dinosaurs, by Jeanna Bryner, LiveScience website, May 2, 2012. Accessed online October 18, 2016.

Action Plan Development for Administration of Medicine Essay

Action Plan Development for Administration of Medicine - Essay Example The preparation of an action plan is quite vital in ensuring student and practicing nurses achieve their objectives. Thus, instead of worrying about the future, it pays to start planning for it through action plans. The main steps in the drafting of an action plan include the identification of objectives, the setting of achievable and measurable objectives, prioritisation of tasks and the identification of the necessary steps to achieving goals. The other steps include being able to effectively work under pressure and complete tasks in time. By writing down objectives, one’s goals and dreams are turned into plans, provided the plan is thought out, acted on and reflected upon. Importantly, a timetable would ensure a nurse’s action plan is effective, has clear-set goals and defined steps. This action plan on administration of medicine explores the areas in which I have tangible and sufficient coverage, knowledge and skills and the areas that need improvement. Moreover, th e action plan covers the strategies, interventions and the timetable by which the improvements will be achieved. Achievements in Drug Administration At this level of my nursing course, I have covered quite a vast area as far as medication administration is concerned. Most important in the areas covered are the general implications and principles of medication administrations. Although a common practice among nurses, medicine administration is a rather crucial clinical procedure, which refers to the manner in which medicine is delivered and controlled. In fact, the manner in which medicine is administered determines the probability of a patient gaining any clinical benefits or suffering diverse effects of medication (Doerr-MacEwen & Haight, 2006). Among the major areas of medication administration so far covered include the factors affecting drug bioavailability, types/routes of drug administration, and NMC’s guide for administration of medicines among other areas. Drug bioava ilability refers to the proportion of an administered medication, which actually reaches a patient’s systemic circulation and is distributed to the intended action site using the different routes of administration result that result in different levels of bioavailability. This is an important knowledge on medicine administration given that nurses should understand the best route that would yield the most bioavailability for a drug. For instance, drugs delivered through direct IV injection supposedly have 100% bioavailability. In addition, certain types of drugs are absorbed best in certain organs or systems of the body. For example, if administered so that they are absorbed by the gastrointestinal mucosa, certain medicines could end up having bioavailability comparable to that of an IV injected drugs. Unfortunately, many drugs lack the level of bioavailability by the oral route, implying that they their oral dosage is usually higher than if given parenterally, which refers to the administration of a medication into the body via routes other than the gastro-intestinal tract (Miller &Miller, 2011). These routes could be infusion, injection or implantation. Routes of Administration Routes of administration are the other concepts of administration of medicine that I have covered well so far. There are numerous routes by which medicine may be delivered into the systemic circulation of a patient, each with its strengths and weaknesses. It is thus imperative that nurses understand these routes’ implications, effectiveness, weaknesses, strengths, and patient experience.

The relationship between the ozone hole and the world corporate Research Paper

The relationship between the ozone hole and the world corporate pollution - Research Paper Example The nineteenth century and the earlier half of the twentieth century was a time of relative innocence (some would say ignorance) of how industrial processes would be affecting the environment we live in. People thought that the atmosphere, oceans, and rainforests of the world were limitless and unchanging. It is only during the 1960s and thereafter that serious inquiry into the effects of human activity on the ecology was conducted. Ozone is a molecule comprised of three atoms of oxygen, rather than the usual 2 atoms. It therefore has the symbol O3. The word â€Å"ozone† comes from the Greek word â€Å"ozein† meaning â€Å"smell†, because of its pungent odour. It was discovered in 1839 by Christian Friedrich Schà ¶nbein, when he detected a by-product of electrical discharges. It was only in the early twentieth century, however, when ozone was determined to be found in large quantities in the stratosphere (Reid, 2000). Most popular literature deal with the ozone hole, located over the Antarctic in the stratospheric level. This indicates a thinning of ozone in the place where it does the most good. It became so depleted in certain areas as a reaction to the pollutants released in the air by industrial processes, and in the household by the use of chlorofluorocarbons and other chemical products. Very few, however, know that ozone has been accumulating in a layer closer to the ground than the stratosphere, namely the troposphere. Closer to the earth, ozone is a poisonous substance and where it would touch the earth, it may cause deaths and damage to the lungs. The first relationship depicted above shows the formation of the ozone layer in the stratosphere, its proper location for greatest benefit. The ozone has varying effects on different types of ultraviolet radiation. UV-C, the ultraviolet ray with the shortest wavelength is the type most effectively screened, while UV-A, which has the longest wavelength, is that which passes straight through

Computer Information Specialist Essay Example for Free

Computer Information Specialist Essay Computer Information Specialist, Inc. (CIS) filed a protest of the award of a contract to Open Technology Group, Inc. (OTG). CIS responded to a request for proposals (RFP) No. NLM-030101/SAN by the Department of Health and Human Services for telecommunications support services at the agency’s Bethesda, Maryland facility. The solicitation specified a requirements contract with fixed hourly rates for a base year with four 1-year options. The agency intended to award the contract based on â€Å"best value† with several non-price criteria as the most heavily weighted factors. Proposals were to include fully-loaded, fixed hourly rates for labor categories. The agency received numerous proposals and established a competitive range of four firms after initial evaluation. The range included CIS as well as OTG the eventual awardee. Following the contract award to OTG; CIS underwent an agency debrief and subsequently filed a protest asserting that both its proposal and the proposal of OTG were misevaluated. Issues Agencies are required to evaluate proposals based solely on the evaluation factors identified in the solicitation. Furthermore, according to Federal Acquisition Regulations, they must adequately document the reasons for their evaluation conclusions (FAR § 15.308). GAO recommended to the agency was to, at a minimum reevaluate both proposals to ascertain if they were evaluated based on the evaluation factors and to determine if adequate rationale were articulated. Decisions (Holdings) Anthony H. Gamboa, General Counsel wrote the recommendation. The protest was sustained. Reasoning (Rationale)   GAO concluded that the Department of Health and Human Services misevaluated the proposals of both CIS and OTG, contract awardee. In addition, they found that the agency’s misevaluation was prejudicial to CIS, â€Å"since there is a reasonable possibility that, but for the agency’s errors, CIS might have been selected for award notwithstanding its higher price.† Separate Opinions No dissenting opinion was published with GAO’s decision. Analysis GAO analyzed the proposals from both CIS and OTG against the RFP’s stated evaluation criteria. The Department of Health and Human Services’ source selection team consisted of five evaluators. In the case of the proposal by CIS, the initial evaluation criticized the proposal for not offering personnel that met all of the solicitation minimum personnel experience requirements. CIS revised their proposal to cure this deficiency. In further evaluation, four of the five evaluators scored this area higher than the initial proposal. However, the fifth evaluator scored the proposal dramatically differently. In the first evaluation, only cursory notes were provided to support conclusions. In the second evaluation, most evaluators still provided limited support. However, the fifth evaluator provided comments. Many of the comments were either inaccurate or held not relation to evaluation criteria. With regard to the OTG proposal, GAO determined that the solicitation failed to meet two of the evaluation criteria and should not have been accepted in the competitive range. It was also recommended that the agency terminate the contract awarded to OTG for the convenience of the government and make award to the firm found to be in line for award. Furthermore CIS was to be reimbursed all costs associated with the protest to include legal fees.

Computers :: essays research papers

COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies. Computers :: essays research papers COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies.

Comparision of Around the World in 80 Days and Journey to the Centre of the Earth

In both the novels, the main characters embarked on a journey. One went around the world and the other to the center to the world. How were they two journeys similar and how were they different? Moreover, what did these journeys symbolize and what was their significance? In the novels the main characters embark on long journeys that take them through various trials and tribulations. The essay will be analyzing how these two distinct journeys are similar and how they are different. In the journeys, the characters go through a series of events that not only hold significant meaning, but also symbolize the significance of the journeys and their impact on the characters. Therefore, the essay will analyze what the journeys symbolized and their significance on the characters and the overall them of both novels. The Novels Around the world in 80 days and The journey to the center of the earth are written by the famous author Jules Verne. Jules Verne's novels have been noted for predicting modern times. The two novels are based on different journeys; one is around the world and the other towards the center of the earth. Journey to the center of the earth sounds more fictional than around the world in 80 days but back in the author’s time even going around the world in 80 days was almost impossible. In both the stories we come across the main characters that are Phileas Fogg (Around the world in 80 days) and Professor Lidenbrock (Journey to the centre of the earth). Phileas Fogg is an English man. He is a very well disciplined, organized personality who has a very regularized life. All of this is evident novel when it says, â€Å"He talked very little, and seemed all the more mysterious for his taciturn manner. His daily habits were quite open to observation; but whatever he did was so exactly the same thing that he had always done before, that the wits of the curious were fairly puzzled. † He is rich and owns a mansion in a very famous street but no one knew where his money came from. He is the main and in fact the most important character of the story. Professor Lidenbrock is a scientist. He, as well, is organized had a normalized life which is evident in the novel when Axel, his nephew narrates, â€Å"Another peculiarity of his was, that he always stepped a yard at a time†¦ . He, as well, is rich and lives in famous street. He is the Protagonist of the story. Thus, one can see here that there are many similarities in both the character. One day Phileas Fogg was playing whist with his usual partners at the reform club. During the game the discussion started on the bank robbery that had recently taken place. One stated that he was not any ordinary robber but he was a gentleman and the detectives had started their work but there was no success. As the game proceeded with the conversation they confer about where could the robber flee. They argued that the world is big enough and the robber could go anywhere in the world. There Fogg interrupts and says it was once big enough but now it isn’t due to the advancements in transport. And there the argument takes a new turn. Fogg stated that, in 80 days, he could go around the world. The players, then quarreled if he had taken into account everything which could be delays, dangers etc and to which Fogg replied yes. On this, one of them bets four thousand pounds and in reply Fogg bets twenty thousand pounds on the journey. He accepts that challenge and puts himself in a conflicting situation. Therefore he goes for a journey, not that he wanted to win the wager, but that he wanted to show it is possible. In the second novel, Professor Lidenbrock found a very old book which was in Icelandic language. While he was going through the book a small parchment fell out from it. The parchment was in runic language similar to the book and they could understand what was written in it. He found out that it was written by Arne Saknussemm who was a learned professor of the 16th century . They started figuring out what was written in it and after hard work and deliberation Axel deciphered it. They secret seemed really terrible to Axel and he knew once his uncle knows about it he would definitely go for the discovery. He thought that he shouldn’t tell his uncle but even if he didn’t tell him he would somehow decode it. He told him the secret by which Lidenbrock was madly amazed and filled with joy. In English the parchment read as follows â€Å"Descend into the crater of Yocul of Sneffels, which the shade of Scartaris caresses, before the kalends of July, audacious traveler, and you will reach the centre of the earth. I did it. Arne Saknussemm â€Å" Although Axel argues that there are several danger and that how could someone descend into the earth which is filled with molten lava but nothing changed lidenbrocks decision and he leaves for the journey. There are many similarities in the novels. In both the novel we see that they face several delays and difficulties. In Around the world in 80 days, Phileas Fogg along with Passepartout leaves to meet the chal lenge which is to around the world in 80 days. During the journey they face many delays and difficulties. Detective Fix is from one of them who create difficulties in his journey. Detective Fox suspects Fogg to be the bank robber of England and follows him throughout the journey. They face a delay when they are going towards Calcutta and the train stops in between and then they had to cross the distance traveling on an elephant. During the travel they plan to save the sacrificial women Auoda and risk their life and time for it. Later storms at the sea delay their journey. They also miss boarding the ship, at another occasion, as Passepartout fails to inform Fogg about it. Fix makes passepartout drunk several times at takes advantage of it. They even get attacked on their way to New York. Fix arrests Fogg detaining him which delay their trip even more. But at last they were successful and won the challenge. Similarly, In A journey to the center of the earth Professor Lidenbrock along his nephew, Axel leaves to go towards the centre of the earth. They, as well, face obstacles in their journey. When they reach the volcano it was necessary to see the casting shadow which leads to the path. Due to the bad weather they couldn’t see it but later on it became visible. As they descend into the earth they find a place with combustible gas which is very dangerous. As they proceed they take a wrong turn and they lose the water trail and run out of water and due to this Axel almost dies. At another point Axel gets separated from his uncle and get lost several miles from him. Then later they face large monsters and they are almost eaten by them. Their raft gets struck by a huge fireball as well. After that incident they find a passage marked by Arne Saknussemn but they had blow up the rock to enter in. The blow somehow went huge which made the water rush in the chimney. The molten lava starts filling in and they get ejected out the chimney. This show the novels were similar in a way that they face difficulties in their journeys. The way in which novels were different is that, one is around the world and the other towards the center of the earth. Fogg went on this journey as a challenge where as Lidenbrock went as discovering was his passion. Fogg was travelling on the earth surface on the other hand Lidenbrock was going under the earth. Hence, it shows the ideas of the two journeys are wide apart. The journeys were symbolic left a significant impact on the main characters as well. In the beginning of the story one sees Fogg as cold and disciplined man who had not much emotion. But as the story moves along there is significant development in his character. Even after he gets delayed several times because of Passepartout he says nothing to him. He saves Auoda , the sacrificial women, risking his own life. He even forgives detective Fix who creates many difficulties in his journey. This shows that he was large hearted. He later marries Auoda and expresses his love. One never might have thought a person like him cold and disciplined could have fallen in love. Professor Lidenbrock, as well, is organized and disciplined. Nothing changed Lidenbrock’s decision but when Axel gets hurt and is close to death he almost called off the journey and it is evident when he says †My dear boy, I had begun to give over all hope–and you can never know what bitter tears of sorrow and regret I have shed. At last, supposing you to be still on the road. † This shows how this stubborn character could change his mind for the love of his nephew. Hence, One journey proved that due to advancements in transport it was more efficient and faster to travel. The other journey discovered the world under the earth. Owais khan

Tone Realization And Tone Improvisation Of Young Children Education Essay

The principle of the scrutinize was to look into the consequence of marimbas harmonic concomitant on the tone realisation and tone improvisation of immature kids [ aged eight ] .It provide the kids cognitive development, multiple intelligence accent on music and bodily kinaesthetic intelligence which will affect auditory, ocular and kinaesthetic stimulations. It entails rhythmic development, music amptitude which test the consequence of harmonic concomitant on music development and music amptitude kids vocal development and eventually the consequence of harmonic concomitant on singing achievement.Even though consequence based on research on singing accomplishment between the kids which had song direction with a root tune concomitant had no important on tone attainment harmonizing to Gordon ‘s ( 1982 ) IMMA, there was significance consequence on singing accomplishment between kids who received song direction with root tune accompaniment.Xylophones which comes from a Grecian word ‘xylon'meaning wooden sound.It is from percussion household of musical instrument which is believed to hold originated from Africa and Asia but now found around the continents. Cognitive development is the doing up of thoughts procedures, these include doing determination of your ain, work outing a job and retrieving through different phases of human being.Piaget ‘s theory ( 1896-1980 ) of cognitive development analyze how childen respond to their natural environment.As Atherton ( 2010 ) continues to construct on Jean Piaget theory, he describes a kid ‘s cognition as composed of scheme which are modified by complementary procedures that assimilation and accommodation.In this phase which autumn under the concrete operations phase harmonizing to Jean Piaget, kids have the ability to believe and associate by usage of logical and consistent action.This makes kids aged eight to be in apposition to place and associate the sounds from marimbas to better their music this gives the tonic variation.He agues that it is an a test for one to equilibrate between assimilation and adjustment ( equilibration ) .He came up with the phases of cognitive development based on Peaget`s theory ; Sensory motor phase ( babyhood ) ; in this phase there is no usage of symbols but intelligent is showed by motor activity.Permanency of objects they get at seven months.Interllectuals and few linguistic communication is developed. Pre-operational phase ( early childhood ) ; intelligent is showed through symbols, mature languages.Thinking is egoistic, none logical, non irreversible. Concrete operational phase ( simple and adolescence ) ; there is preservation of weight, volme, mass, figure, country, liquid and lengh.Intelligent relation is of objects in logical and use Formal operational phase ( adolescence and maturity ) ; Intelligence is through abstract in usage of symbols.They are egoistic. Harmonizing to Howard Gardner in 1983, in his theory he says that intelligence as one time described in IQ trial bash non explicate cognitive abilities in all facet from kids.It tells that as kids takes more clip in larning a simple construct may understand deeper the whole construct than kids who learn faster particularly in mathematics ( generation ) .This has brought different reaction because most psychologist expression at it that distinction about the construct of intelligence is non backed up by the practical significance of the attacks from the theory.From the recent cognitive and papers which states that the far to which kids posses assorted types of head makes them execute, understand, retrieve and larn in assorted ways.According to Howard, logical mathematics analysis, musical thought, linguistic communication, spacial representation and an apprehension of other persons. If one can non make the understanding in the strength of these intelligence the intelligent are invoked and used in combination to execute other tasks.He says that from these differences affects the acquisition system that takes all to be taught with the same resources in one manner so that tantamount testing is done to the learner.Our system of instruction is greatly biased to logical quantitative manners, appraisal and linguistically.The learnig ways ( types of intelligence ) ; Musical ; achild conveying out sensitiveness to sounds and beat, due to love to music they learn best with background music.They learn good in lesson which is changed to lyrics.Tools are used like wireless, multimedia, musical instrument. Interpersonal ; kids who enjoys and portion with others, they have sympathy.They learn best in seminars and group activites, composing, E-mail, picture. Ocular Spatial ; the kid know a batch about the environment, pulling physical imagery.Resources charts, exposure Linguistic ; the words are used by childrenfor effectivity, they make narratives or poesy, reading.resourses computing machine, books, games. Visual ; helps kids to acquire concrete construct spatial relationship Sounds ; difference on verbal sound and non-verbal such as music Bodily kinesthetic ; these kids use organic structure esthesis to get constructs, they include terpsichoreans, jocks Logical mathematics ; these kids are interested in forms, perform good in arithmetic, experments From the content affecting bodily kinaesthetic, the cardinal component of the bodily kinaesthetic, intelligence is the ability to utilize one`s bodily motion skilfully and capacity to accomplishments in objects touching.This affect how to utilize marimbas to bring forth music with the right tonic variation.It besides contains a sense of timing, ability to develop responses to be as physiological reactions, a turn outing sense of intent of physical doing.This makes these kids to larn more efficaciously when they use marimbas by affecting their muscular motion ( playing it ) doing them to bask music by singing doing them larn best because they remember through verbal memory. From the continent of musical, it goes with the ability to feel beat, sounds, tones and the musical itself.For kids to hold first-class pitch they ever have high musical intelligence, sometimes absolute pitch and this makes them in a place to assist them accomplish their vocalizing and music aptitude Harmonizing to Gordon Institute for Music Learning ( GIML ) music aptitude like endowment which 1 might hold should be given to achild at early phases of their life.Music aptitude which is dispersed among different population, everyone has the ability to win in music.People have different aptitude, few have low and high aptitude while bulk have neither high nor low but are mean in aptitude.Since typical method of instruction is used achild discoveries it hard to win in music.These kids of mean aptitude receives a batch of tonic content plus rhythmic content more than kids of low aptitude and 1s of high aptitude receives a batch of content than mean ones.This makes instructors to avoid deadening kids and non to emphasize others. Music aptitude can besides be measured but with merely valid music aptitude test.Ones endowment can non be determine by ability to accomplish but on important music achievement.This is because kids gets different rich musical and devoted efforts.However kids can non be judged through aptitude proving to be excluded or included in music activities, all kids have a right to education to music though it helps to provide for the demand of every kid by the teacher.It is indispensable to see the degree of the scholar to place the right music aptitude trial. Researchwhich has been done about the development and stabilised music aptitude shows that music aptitude is developed at immature phases of life.Though at birth aptitude of the kid tend to be inmate, it can change upto age of nine depending of the effectivity and diverseness of the music experience the kid have.Past nine old ages a kid is non able to accomplish in music more than one ‘s old music aptitude.It it of import that kids gets tonss of best quality of formal direction and informal aid in music for them to place their ability to music achievement in the phases of their life.It is of import to hold informal music experience before making five old ages old. There are two types of music aptitude ; stabilized and development.Music aptitude is besides multidimensional, and the papers has addendums which are ; improvisation, types of phases of auditory, music acquisition theory and orientation intentionality as constituent of creative.As a kid is taught utilizing the marimbas they tend to develop musical aptitude at this degree ( eight old ages ) .This makes achild to associate the sounds produced by marimbas with the music so that a comprehensive tone realisation and tone improvisation is achieved. There are many different types of music aptitude trials that can be done by the instructors to place the type scholar are being taken attention of.According to Gordon ( 1997 ) theory we have two major one ‘s ; The complete IQ Test ; look intoing how smart one is from the head The complete aptitude Test ; it involves intelligence whether in words or Numberss Others involves ; Test of analytical accomplishment, it test pulling accomplishments The Acuity skill trial ; it involve simple repetation activity The Technical Skill Test ; how one can technically and automatically experience things Verbal Reasoning Test ; it involves word logical thinking The subject of the research on consequence of harmonic concomitant or direction on music developmental music aptitude kids vocal development was to happen the consequence of harmonic concomitant to the kids on tonic improvisation.Some chief purpose of the research were ; to happen if age affect tonic improvisation public presentation of kids at different classs ; happen if increasing root tune concomitant to direction of the vocal affect the usage of harmonic beat and alterations tonic improvisation.For comprehensive music course of study there must be improvisation.through that kids can show their feeling and ideas on music.The kid should be in apposition to show themselves by words.Due to direction kids are able to: better form of tones ( Balasko 1987 ) ; used harmonic intents and retain key and key while improvizing ( Giulbault2004 ) ; coming up with music that have musical construction ; retain metre and steady round ( Kalmer 1987 ) Guilbault ‘s research was to happen if root tune concomitant is added to direction of the vocal which may interfear with tonic improvisation children.It farther pointed that kids who finds song direction with tune of the root concomitant ; used implied harmonic intents and retain tonic and cardinal when improvising. Journal of research in music instruction says that a kid applies ability and map of harmonic to retain cardinal and key while bettering xylophones.Kalmer and Balasko ( 1987 ) analysed pre-school kids when doing marimbas with local available stuffs and playing it to place the figure of responses and thoughts. Harmonizing to Partchey ‘s ( 1987 ) research was of integrity, identifiable beat form, steady pulsation and assortment which are kids ability.Form, pitch, continuance and intestify was done by Wig ( 1981 ) .The result of the research by Guilbault ( 2004 ) found the extra root tune concomitant to song direction affects child tonic improvisation described that achild who got song direction and root tune accompaniment stabilise the key and tonic along with implied harmonic maps on improvizing significantly more than those who had non received instruction.It was merely used for specific immature ages population. To place whether there was pre bing music aptitude kids of first class, 2nd class and 3rd class before intervention were used on the beat subtest and tonal of the Primary Measures of Music Audition ( PMMA ) .This was done by ( Gordon 1979 ) .This was because of different on control group and intervention since kids with lower aptitude may non hold performed as the 1s in high music aptitude ( Gordon2007 ) This made the sub trial for tonic and beat of Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation ( IMMA ) which were done earlier intervention to 4th class, 5th class and 6th grade.For one had non been asingle pupil which had experience with improvising earlier, as it grow through sequenced acquisition The first acquisition of direction is based on primary on music acquisition theory which involves orff activities.These are made up of direction of tonic form, ,identifying of tonic and rhythm form map, tonic and rhythm form direction, vocalizing, playing pitch and unpitched instrument, intoning amongst others. Improvisation activities affecting control and intervention was made up of events incorporating quinine water and dominant map form in major and harmonic child keies which were either same or different ; development events ; colloquial improvisation ; utilizing major and harmonic minor keies when singing new stoping or altering portion of known song.On the intervention group, the 6th class category assigned one randomly but the remainder of the class foremost, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th were assigned two per grade.They involved them in a root tune concomitant which was presented by research worker when pupil sang pitch instrument ; by pupil as research worker present s vocal ; utilizing voice recordings ; by pupil when another one is showing a song.The control group had one random assigned to foremost, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th class category where two random assigned to 2nd class class.Everything about vocalizing was done in cappella. The lone different direction which was being given to the pupils at the classs was usage of root tune concomitant other instructions was same When the trial was done of the station instructional public presentation was that the consequences were there there was no significance differences from PMMAandIMMMA composite aptitude tonss between the intervention group and control in every degree of gradesThe consequence of harmonic concomitant on singing achievement involves vocal development where the consequence of diverse harmonic concomitant has been based on the six class pupils where the sub trial was administered.This is harmonizing to Petzold ( 1966 ) .This is to look into the possible to sing melodious fragment accurately.The research involved three accompaniment types: primary chords within simple chord patterned advance, sustained individual chords and secondary chords on inversion within complex chord progression.From non specific method of choosing,540 kids were taken randomly.Three sorts of harmony trial were created. The first one, stimulation which was presented with a melodious line with harmonic concomitant which the kid was to hear and to respond by singing the melodious piece soon heard.Without holding the melodious line of the harmonic concomitant, the kid was to respond.The 2nd one though like the first one, the kid was to answer while non utilizing harmonic accompaniment.The 3rd one had neither response nor stimulation from harmonic intervention. The research found easy chords of tonic, sub-dominant and dominant used had greater singing for children.According to Petzold ( 1996 ) kids are able to sing absolutely when an concomitant by easy ( I ) , ( four ) and ( V ) in his five twelvemonth longitudinal study.The analysis was that harmonic concomitant offer the key and can be reinforce being cognizant of the vocalist of the tonic centre of a song.This analysis is backed up by Gordon ( 1997 ) and Azzara ( 1999 ) in their research.This was different from Gordon ( 1982 ) research which involved music aptitude trial and of the latest.From the latest research acquisition, playing and singing utilizing marimbas ( bamboo ) is given a opportunity to the children.The research was taken to hold 12weeks music lesson program from foreword for mention for it had no lesson program giving uncertainty whether all music direction was given to the kids. From the research done by Sterling ( 1984 ) singing position, vocal external respiration preparation and vocal warm up had no direction unlike present survey had three proceedingss at the beginning of each lesson of vocal techniques as studied by Guilbout ( 2003 ) .He considered extra root tune concomitant as harmonic concomitant consequence on vocal direction on the development of tonic aptitude, tonic accomplishment and tonic improvisation of first class and kindergarten kids The result showed that song direction with a root tune concomitant to developmental tonic aptitude and tonic accomplishment of immature kids had no importance.Because vocal direction got by kids with root concomitant from root tune made public presentation of these kids higher than the 1s which had no root tune accompaniment.Most of the research was based on the music aptitude development of a child.Though at that place was different in the footing of the research like present survey ne'er used pre-test and post-test as indicated by Gordon ( 1982 ) they believed that they had given a sense which is adequate to reason the consequence of bamboo ( marimbas ) as harmonic concomitant. Decision The ability for one to recognize and improvize the tonic as affected by harmonic accompaniment depend on how different phases of life received direction on vocal with a root tune accompaniment.Activities at different phases contribute a batch to the ability of kids and the accomplishments which kids can perform.Instrument lend a batch to the important growing and development of organic structure kinaesthetic intelligent skillfully.It is of import that the cognition and the accomplishments that a kid needs for them to hold accomplishment in vocalizing and improvisation activities is done at the early phases of life ( immature ) which is recommended non to transcend the age of nine.Instrument makes the learning easier for immature ages for the instructor, this is because even though they find it difficult to improvisation activities theorically, they under base best when affecting them in larning practically and giving them a opportunity to interact more with the instrument. Marimbas contribute a batch to placing different tonic variation.As they enjoy music, they develop senses of timing, ability to develop response to be as automatic doing marimbas as effectual when used in learning.Different researches ‘ done by research workers arrives at a common thought about the effects of marimbas harmonic concomitant on the tone accomplishment and tone improvisation of immature kids ; this qualify xylophones harmonic concomitant to hold positive consequence on music accomplishment of immature kids.

A Letter to Felice essays

A Letter to Felice essays Examples of amae can also be found in Kafka's letters. Especially relevant in this context is a passage in a letter to his fiance Felice Bauer (The Basic Kafka, pp. 286f) which he regarded as so important that he also noted it in his diary and quoted it in a letter to his friend Max Brod, where he even proposes it as his epitaph. The fact that Kafka copied this text twice shows how important it was to him. This is also indicated by the expression "ultimate aim." It seems that Kafka here reveals an essential element of his view of life. Since he takes the passage out of the context in two cases we may assume that he regards it as self-contained. Thus one may interpret it without reference to the context. In the first sentence, Kafka denies any highest moral authority ("a supreme tribunal") and any idea of absolute moral values ("strive to be good"). Rather, and this he sees as "very much the opposite," he wants to be "pleasing to everyone." What matters to him are not universal and absolute values but human relationships. This is clearly opposed to the mainstream of the European tradition as it is for instance expressed in Kant's categorical imperative ( "Act only on that maxim that you can at the same time will to be a universal law.") It closely resembles, however, many elements of Japanese society and culture, especially in the context of amae which is expressed in Kafka's wish to please everyone. In Japanese one could use here the term toriiru which Takeo Doi lists among the vocabulary of amae. Kafka seems to allow the others to amaeru by responding to their wishes but what he really wants is to be allowed to amaeru himself. The psychology of amae is even more obvious in the following "to become so pleasing that in the end I might openly act out my inherent baseness before the eyes of the world without forfeiting its love." Presuming upon everyone's indulgence he wishes to behave ki- ...

The 25+ BEST Writing Tools in 2019

The 25+ BEST Writing Tools in 2019 The 25+ Best Writing Tools in 2019 Before the computer there was the typewriter, and before the typewriter there was pen and paper, and before pen and paper there were plenty of other lost tools of writing - like clay, papyrus, wood, slate, parchment, and, of course, pens made out of reeds. (Fun fact: the name â€Å"Reedsy† is inspired by the â€Å"reed pen,† which was used as early as 800 B.C. for documentation).As you can tell by now, the act of writing has been a part of human culture from the days of chiseling stories onto the walls of caves - and as we have evolved, so have our writing tools. In fact, today’s writers and storytellers are spoiled for choice when it comes to deciding which tools to use.The following list details our favorite writing tools and resources for taking any idea through to its written conclusion.Writing toolsWe all know Google Docs and Microsoft Word, so we’re not going to waste your time giving those two a run-down in our list. Below are four other word proc essors you might not know about, and that are worth checking out.Reedsy Book Editor - freeDoes â€Å"fake it ‘til you make it† ring true to you? Well, the Reedsy Book Editor is a free, online word processor that formats your book as you write. See your drafts automatically turn into a professional-looking manuscript - and allow this glimpse of your work as the final product spur your motivation to write. One of the Reedsy Book Editor’s best functions is that it lets you instantly typeset your manuscript to EPUB and print-ready PDF files.Check it out if: if you want a writing tool that takes care of formatting and conversion for you.Draft - freeDo you like a helpful tap on the shoulder, reminding you about something you need to do? Well, you’ll likely enjoy Draft then, because the online word processor not only keeps track of how many words you write per day, it can also email you daily reminders about your daily word count goals. (Of course, if this sounds a little too â€Å"hands-on† for you, you can always turn the reminder function off).Other than that, Draft functions a lot like Google Docs: allowing you to track changes, collaborate via suggested edits, and make comments on the doc.Check it out if: you like Google Docs, but want an even simpler interface.LibreOffice - freeYes, we did say that we wouldn’t mention Microsoft Word, because by now everyo ne knows that it’s a useful writing tool. But we didn’t say we wouldn’t mention it’s free counterpart: LibreOffice.LibreOffice is the open source answer for people who want to try Microsoft without paying the price tag. (Open source means that the software is built on code that anyone can inspect and enhance). Plus it’s compatible with all of the regular file types people are used to, such as   .doc, .docx, .xls, .xlsx, .ppt, and .pptx files.Check it out if: you like a classic word processor - and moreover, a free one.Mellel - $50 (or try a 30-day free trial)The people behind Mellel don’t just know word processing - they also know catchy, memorable marketing. Their description of why writers should choose Mellel starts like this: â€Å"Mellel is a writer's dream come true. To start, it is exceedingly boring: it just works, day in and day out, reliably. An enormous number of people used Mellel to write and they all report that their jou rney with Mellel was boring and uneventful. As well it should. In other words, it does all the mundane bits, and leaves the creative stuff to you.†Mellel is not free (and note that it’s only for Mac). In return for the price tag, you’ll get more book-specific tools than other, perhaps more traditional word processors - such as outlining and bibliography-making functions. And, judging by the witty, funny copy on Mellel’s website, Mellel makes the process of writing much more fun than they let on.Check it out if: you’re a Mac user who wants more than the Pages app offers.Organization tools Check it out if: you’ve ever felt envy at Rita Skeeter’s Quick-Quotes Quill in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.Ergonomic desk setups - variesAs more and more of the workforce moves to sedentary jobs where the majority of 9am to 5pm is spent sitting - usually hunching - at a computer, a growing number of sitting-related health injuries have been occurring. That’s why looking into more ergonomically friendly desk setups is a good idea for writers who spend long hours at the computer - or even writing in a notebook. This could be a standing desk, or even just a number of textbooks piled under your desktop so that your screen is eye level, resulting in less stress on your shoulders.Check it out if: you don’t want writing gains to come at the cost of growing back pains.Computer Glasses - variesWriters are all familiar with computer-caused eyestrains. Because you blink far less when looking at a screen than you do otherwise, computer vision syndrome (CV S) is a condition people have been developing due to long stretches of staring at a computer.One way to help alleviate this - other than just making sure to take time looking away from your computer - is to invest in some computer glasses. They typically come in blue or amber shades, and are coated with a protective coating.There are a number of brands you can check out, such as Pixel Eyewear or Felix Gray.Check it out if: you notice itchy or tired eyes after long writing sessions.FREE writing coursesMaybe you’ve got all you need to actually get the writing done, but you could use a leg up when it comes to craft. These free, ten-day courses are intended to help you do the best writing you can!On writingNovel Writing 101 - Over the course of ten lessons, you will learn how to plan an amazing novel, create compelling characters, and build a writing routine to make sure you get from 'page one' to the final chapter of your magnum opus.Writing Non-Fiction - In this 10 day cour se, publishing coach Azul Terronez goes through which common writing mistakes to avoid, which questions to ask yourself before you get started, and finally, how to stay motivated throughout the writing process.Writing YA Novels - Over ten lessons, you will discover the most common pitfalls of first-time YA authors, and learn how to hone your craft towards writing for a teen audience.How to Write a Business Book -   In this course, Alison Jones, a publishing partner for businesses and organizations, will teach you how to approach the writing of your first book, from the idea itself down to the day-to-day writing routine you should adopt.On productivityBuild a Solid Writing Routine - Over ten email lessons, we’ll give you a bunch of practical, actionable tips to help you understand and face down your procrastination gremlins to find a writing habit that works for you.How to Stop Talking About Writing a Book and Actually Start Doing It - In this short course, book coach Jen nie Nash shares the secrets for how to start strong so you can move forward with confidence. It’s a powerful way to stop talking about someday writing a book, and to actually start doing it, by getting the idea out of your head and onto the page.On editingHow to Self-Edit Your Manuscript Like a Pro - Lisa Lepki of ProWritingAid is here to help you spot (and fix) the ten most common writing mistakes. These mistakes won't just make you seem like an amateur - they will also hinder your chances of landing an agent or securing a publisher.Story Editing for Authors - In this email course, author and Fictionary CEO Kristina Stanley shares her method for ensuring that your story is well-told, well-paced and highly effective. Over ten lessons, you will be guided through the process of reviewing your story, scene-by-scene, with the help of a downloadable resource that you will receive in lesson one.Novel Revision: Practical Tips for Rewrites - The editors behind #RevPit will show y ou how to dive into the revision process and methodically prepare your book for publication. The best writing tools of 2019 that every writer should consider adding to their arsenal  Ã¢Å" Ã¯ ¸  At this point, your arsenal is fully stocked: you’ve got a place to do the writing, tools to help you concentrate and edit, a workspace that makes long hours at your desk a little more fun, and advice from professionals on perfecting your craft. At the end of the day, putting these writing tools to good use is down to you - so show us what you’ve got!Have you tried any of the above writing tools - and if so, which were your favorites? Or maybe you feel there are some great resources missing from this list? Let us know in the comments below!

Constitutional Court in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Constitutional Court in Europe - Essay Example The need for an effective and uniform EC law applying within national legal orders in compliance to a voluntary limitation f sovereignty by Member States is critical to the concept f integration. By considering the fact that supremacy is ultimately perceived throughout national courts to be a monolithic holy concept which bears tremendous implications if removed or limited, the question is then raised as to how Member States receive the 'supreme nature' f Community Law. In attempting to clarify the need for a supreme legal authority for integration, I will examine the supremacy f EC law and state its Treaty position with particular emphasis on significant case-laws that have shaped the supremacy debate. Furthermore, I will observe the Constitutionalization f the Treaty system, looking at the interplay f the doctrine f direct effect and doctrine f supremacy; under what conditions Member States might be provoked to challenge the authority f the ECJ; the expanding competence f the ECJ which now includes a political and judicial interplay f decision-making; and conclude with a look at what the Constitutional Treaty would have signified in terms f legalizing the doctrine f suprem acy and how the rejection has started questioning whether the Community law should be considered above and beyond national laws and if it has gone too far already. The role f the European Court f Justice in developing the legal means for the integration process and constructing a constitution from the Treaty f Rome is a fundamental factor in the eventual expansion f the Community into its form as a Union f soon to be 27 Member States. In order to understand the evolution f the ECJ from its initially idealized form designed by the Member States so that it "could not significantly compromise national sovereignty or national interest", to a judicial organ that entailed national legal organs to acknowledge its supremacy through "significant nonincremental adaptation f Community law, abandoning deeply entrenched, constitutive principles", an insight into the logic behind legal integration needs to be discussed. In respect to the relationship between legal integration and Member States, the neofunctionalist model f integration seeks to explain the role f both supranational and subnational actors and why nation-states accept the eventual infiltration f the Community law into the spheres f their national laws, which demands full jurisdiction and a limitation to their sovereignty. Legal integration, as perceived by the neofunctionalist model, is a two way process in which supranational and subnational actors both seek to further their own interests by respectively accepting and acceding certain rights and obligations in return for long term benefits, in a "'functional domain' shielded from the interplay f direct political interests". By building on this

Starbucks' Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks' Strategy - Research Paper Example Starbucks Coffee Company ensures creativity and innovation. Products provided here are customers oriented and designed to meet the needs of the customers in the best way possible. Use of the available digital technology is an important aspect of innovation that is used to fulfill the wants of the customers. The managers of Starbucks ensure that the activities at the company are outcome oriented. The company has a high profile that has to be maintained in the global economy. Therefore, all its initiatives ought to be outcome oriented. Starbucks Company encourages teamwork among the employees so that they can achieve better results. Working as a team makes the outcome more efficient than working on an individual basis. The achievements made by the company are therefore influenced by the good management skills. Starbucks management strategies have contributed to the position it is in today. Innovation is one of the main contributors of the company’s success. The Coffee Company was opened in 1971 and has shown tremendous improvement over the years. This is due to the great innovative ideas that have prevailed in the company. Howard Schultz was a great innovator who owned the company personally and ensured that the products were designed to suit the customers. Through good customer service and addressing the real need of the customers, the company has been able to maintain its customers (Noe 2012). Another innovative strategy used by Starbucks is to ensure that the employees of the company have the scientific knowledge of the products they produce. This is different as in other coffeehouse employees tend to apply individual improvisation in the way of serving coffee. Through this, they are able to maintain both local and international customers. A manager at Starbuck is supposed to be innovative in order to maintain the good

Ted Turner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ted Turner - Research Paper Example The research paper "Ted Turner" analyses the leadership qualities of Ted Turner, who is the owner of the Cable Network Channel, CNN. This includes exploring the ways in which he has established the vision in the organization and led people towards realizing that vision. The project explores the unique qualities and attributes of Turner as a leader. Particular reference is drawn in ways in which has realized an unconventional and innovative vision in the organization, his social and ethical concerns towards society, the type of structure and culture he established in the organization and his motivational techniques at the workplace. Ted Turner is a legendary example of an entrepreneurial visionary leader. This is demonstrated by the fact that he could assess and pick up a trend which people would want in the long run. This was the vision behind starting an all-news cable channel which could be accessed by people at any time of the day. CNN, besides being an immense commercial success is also a complete transformation and revolution in the way people avail news from across the globe. After the establishment of the vision, Ted worked towards implementing the vision with tenacity and will. The entrepreneurial visionary leadership of Turner gets reflected through his first purchase of channel 17, a television station in Atlanta which had a weak UHF signal. Industry experts had expected that the plan would fail even before it started. He has been particularly successful in implementing his vision in the organization and influencing his employees in believing. ... This was the vision behind starting an all news cable channel which could be accessed by people at any time of the day. CNN, besides being an immense commercial success is also a complete transformation and revolution in the way people avail news from across the globe. After establishment of the vision, Ted worked towards implementing the vision with tenacity and will. The entrepreneurial visionary leadership of Turner gets reflected through his first purchase of channel 17, a television station in Atlanta which had a weak UHF signal. Industry experts had expected that the plan would fail even before it started. However, the station emerged as a success on Turner’s application of a certain new technology which eventually revolutionised the television industry. Turner has been particularly successful in implementing his vision in the organization and influencing his employees in believing and realising that vision. Even while the Turner Broadcasting System (TBS) was spreading a cross the country, cable programs were generally regarded as producing old and low rated shows and programs. The industry was expecting for quality content and demanded high from HBO and Turner Broadcasting System. For an individual who hardly watched television programs, Ted Turner had a passion for savvy programming in his television stations. This is partly because he could perceive that which others could not, i.e. the values which lay hidden the old and worn out television movies and shows. He influenced his men and followers to believe that instead of running the shows on rental basis, he should rather own them so that he could run them frequently and as often as he wished to. Establishing this vision in the organization

Collegial and Formal Type of Leadership

Collegial and Formal Type of Leadership This assignment consists of two parts. In the first part, the models of collegial and formal type of leadership are considered and compared to the head teachers role to which the author is familiar within the educational system of Cyprus. The head teachers role will be analysed both leadership styles. In the second part, the author concentrates on the assumptions made about the school organization and its values with the collegial and formal types of leadership. The assignment ends with a conclusion based on the authors understanding of leadership that emerges from a consideration of both theory and practice in relation to these two models. Part 1 According to Pashiardis (1995) the educational system in Cyprus has a bureaucratic structure and school principals are constantly trying to satisfy the bureaucrats rather than the needs of students and parents. Everything must be done in a pre-determined manner, which hardly leaves any space for errors or gives leeway for deviation from the mainstream. This is the main reason why the formal model of leadership is being chosen. Most of the elements of management fit into the bureaucratic structure of the Cypriot educational system. On the other hand, within the collegial model of leadership the governing body of each school is free to set additional aims and objectives that would not only benefit the school community but also the quality of the education offered. Collegial Model of Management According to Bush (1995) and his collegial model, the aims emerge from a participative process whereby staff reach an agreement based on common values. The leader in a collegial model believes that school staff should always be a team in order to be effective and that everyone should be involved in all activities concerning the school practices. In this case, all teachers should have a common vision, set a mission and be aware of their role to ensure the success of the academic enterprise. The elements of Collegial Model are the processes by which goals are determined by the nature of decision process and the leadership style. The collegial model is based on agreement goals among the members of an organization and presents lateral structures and all members have the right to participate in the decision process. As Kaily P. (2010) wrote specific problems can be addressed by different committees which are appointed at the beginning of the school year. These committees consist of teachers according to their abilities and expertise. They undertake to address and solve problems that arise during the school year such as student discipline by formulating a code of conduct, violence at school- prevention and treatment, development activities for motivation in learning, learning difficulties and workarounds (Kaily P. E849 Web Activity 1, 2 November 2010). Furthermore, Palli C. (2010) there is a shared leadership and a collective sense of responsibility among the staff at her sc hool. At the beginning of the school year there was a delegation of roles and responsibilities. Also the teachers had the opportunity to select the committees they wanted to be members according to their interests (Palli C. E849 Web Activity 1, 3 November 2010). The most positive aspect of the Collegial Model is the fact that goals have already been agreed, resulting to the possibility for the participant staff to concentrate and to achieve the goals set. Everybodys ambitions, expertise and capabilities are taken into consideration and used in a way that promotes the welfare of the school unit. As Bennett has argued, knowledge is an important power resource. Sharing knowledge in a collaborative way requires a high degree of mutual trust and consensus (Study Guide p. 37). Formal Model of Management Looking into Bush (1995) the formal models of management aver that objectives are set at the institutional level. Goals are determined by senior staff and the support of other teachers is taken for granted. Therefore, the activities of schools are evaluated in the light of these official purposes. Furthermore, the organizational structure is regarded as objective reality. Individuals hold defined positions in the organization and working relationships are assumed to be strongly influenced by these official positions. Formal models treat structures as hierarchical with decision-making as a top-down process (Study Guide p. 32). In contrast to collegiality, the characteristics of  the formal management models  according to Bush (2003) heads have  authority because of their positions  and are  accountable  for what they do to their sponsor they use any  rational  way to achieve goalsâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  fits a lot to the Cypriot Educational System. Not only do public schools but also private ones have debt-reduction management programmes and everything must be centralized and economies of scale must be made. One is asked to annually report in advance how many students are registered for the following academic year that the number of teachers is reduced to the minimum to save resources. In bureaucracy, efficiency, discipline, control, reliability  is more important (Weber 1989, p.312). Promotion is on the basis of seniority  (Bush 2003) more like a typical formal bureaucratic Cypriot school. However, after a long waiting at the age of 40-55 one finally leave from the low-paying Cypriot private sc hool and is employed by a highly-benefiting Cypriot public school. When he/she gets employed at public school, will only find out just a few days before the school year starts, revealing bureaucracy which is neither efficient nor reliable. Part 2 According to Bush and Derek (2003) leadership may be understood as influence but this notion is neutral in that it does not explain or recommend what goals or actions should be sought through this process. However, certain alternative constructs of leadership focus on the need for leadership to be grounded in firm personal and professional values (Bush and Derek, 2003, p.4). Wasserberg (1999) also claims that the primary role of any leader is the unification of people around key values (Wasserberg, 1999, p.158). Furthermore, according to Gross (1985) values are generated externally to the individual rather than being internal, personal creations. However individuals play crucial role in establishing particular values with environments in which they live and work (Study Guide, p. 47). Bush (1998; 2003) also links leadership to values or purpose while management relates to implementation or technical issues (Bush, 1998, 2003, p.4) Collegial model is interpinned by integrative and motivating values. Integrative values are those that serve to draw individuals into collectivity and motivating values are those that shape individual and collective perceptions of needs and interests (Study Guide, p. 46). The implication of these values for leadership role in the educational system in Cyprus could justified since head teachers usually encourage the staff to take part in any decision-making procedure. In this way agrees for certain values the schools. Thus personal opinions (teachers, parents students) are acceptable by others, differences and disagreements are shown in a democratic form. In addition, collaboration is promoted by head teachers. Every teacher, parent, student has its personal needs and interests. Head teachers try to help all members in personal and professional difficulties and offer ways in order for everyone to have a role in the school. Moreover, head teachers promote trust and confidence among all members, make constructive comments and encourage staff to participate in educational seminars and other educational programs. The formal leadership model combines mostly regulatory and directive values which seek to control the behaviour of individuals and groups. The equal opportunities and race relations legislation is enacted in many developed countries. Such values are an important part of the policy process both nationally and within organizations. Whether we accept or reject someone elses value system is not the same as denying that it is a value which shapes their actions (Study Guide p.46). This is one of the three different kinds of Grosss classified values which influence different facets of the school.   Although the ministry of Education and Culture directs schools on how to operate, each school may develop its own principles and values according to its particular needs and aims. Under the guidance of the Head Teacher certain values have been defined for my schools culture like: Equal opportunities for all children as an expression of fundamental human rights, the development of students socia l skills, democratic dialogue in case of conflicts among the children, the multi-dimensional improvement of childrens personality, the importance of interaction with the external environment (parents), and the practice of multiple intelligences. All the above societal values are articulated within the school serve to draw individuals into a formality. The way that my school is managed promotes collaboration and reduces conflict between staff. The head teacher supports the efforts of his teachers and motivates them to share and generate the schools values. He helps teachers cope with the difficulties encountered and promotes respect, democracy, honesty and trust. He encourages teachers to take part in educational seminars and provides equal opportunities for participation in decision making trying to follow democratic values. Individuals play a crucial role in establishing particular values within the environments in which they live and work. Values are manifested in the actions people take, including the things that they say and the language they use (Study Guide, 47).   According to Sergiovanni (2000), how we resolve a problem relates to the extent to which our decision making is dominated by the values of our life world and our system world. As he interprets, system world should be interdependent with life world (the essence o f values and beliefs) Conclusion In conclusion it can be seen that there has to be a leadership style which will incorporate practices from both styles of leadership and which promote the development of the school through the participation and involvement of all the staff members. A head teachers role is to make the vision and the mission of the school known to his/her staff in order for the teachers with the right knowledge and ability to be involved in the decision making. References Bush T 2003. Theories of Educational Management, 3rd edn. London: Sage. Bush T. And Derek G., (2003), School Leadership: Concepts and Evidence, Full report Spring 2003 E849 Leading and Managing for Effective Education, Study Guide, (2003), The Open University. Kaily P. E849 Web Activity 1, 2 November 2010 Palli C., E849 Web Activity 1, 3 November 2010 Pashiardis, P. (1995), Cyprus principals and the universalities of effective leadership, International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 16-26. Bush, T. (1998) The National Professional Qualification for Headship: the key to effective school leadership?, School Leadership and Management, 18(3) 321-34. Sergiovanni 2000, Effective Educational Leadership, O.U., Sage Wasserberg, M. (1999), Creating the vision and making it happen, in Tomlinson, H., Gunter, H. and Smith, P. (Eds.), Living Headship: Voices, Values and Vision, London, Paul Chapman. Webb, R. and Vulliamy, G. (1996), The changing role of the primary head teacher, Educational Management and Administration, 24 (3), 301-15.