Barclays Bank PLC Is A Multinational Company free essay sample

Pleasantries to pull in profoundly talented and imaginative people at extremely significant levels ? Convention of closeness to key clients and target clients A business can separate itself by playing out its current worth exercises or reconfiguring in some one of a kind ways. What's more, the manageability of that separation will rely upon two things: a continuation of its high seen an incentive to purchasers and an absence of impersonation by contenders. There are numerous option key bearings in which Barclaycard could actualize in their present procedure of separation. These may incorporate innovation development or item/administration separation. Item/administration separation Product separation happens when, inferable from contrasts in physical characteristics, subordinate assistance, geographic area, data, and additionally abstract picture, one firms items are obviously favored by probably a few purchasers over adversary items at a given cost (, 1990, ). For firms looking to make their interest bend less flexible, effective separation gives a protected situation against contenders by empowering firms to sell a bigger amount at a given cost or by permitting the firm to make brand dependability in clients bringing about lower affectability to cost. We will compose a custom exposition test on Barclays Bank PLC Is A Multinational Company or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This uniqueness may assemble a passage obstruction for contenders to defeat (, 1992; , 1980). Be that as it may, being one of a kind may require an exchange off with speculation if accomplishing separation requires exorbitant exertion, for example, broad exploration, item structure, excellent materials, or escalated client care. Hence, the organizations utilizing the separation system can't overlook expenses and hazard (, 1980). Flat item separation centers around contrasts in quality assortment among contending brands. It happens when one brand contains a greater amount of certain traits however less of some different credits in contrast with another brand (). Shoppers various tastes will misuse varying solid and feeble focuses among brands given indistinguishable costs (, 1992). The move towards commercialization is quickening with critical ramifications in a considerable lot of the business sectors in which we work. On a very basic level, our view is that industrialism includes a move in power from foundations towards purchasers. The quick change of the Mastercard business †first with the cutting off of the customary tie between financial balances and Visas and second, with the rise of credit as a genuine product in the Mastercard business delineates this so well. Shoppers in the past were thankful on the off chance that they got acknowledge it was viewed as a privilege conceded to an exceptional not many by a bank and subsequently banks held control over people. The incentive was the accessibility of credit. Innovation For the situation of Barclaycard, it is could improve its activities and upper hand through ongoing structure information driven instruments. This device would improve their credit limit procedures and increment their enthusiasm acquiring adjusts. A Fair, Isaac Model Builder for the choice trees might be utilized as this device utilizes chronicled information to help with distinguishing ideal record the board techniques. Reasonable, Isaac Model Builder for Decision Trees is a PC Windows based application planned explicitly to help information driven system structure. It enables moneylenders to quickly make new procedures progressively utilizing various execution measurements, to process huge datasets quickly so systems anytime for more noteworthy comprehension of the portfolio and moves methodologies to and from creation application effortlessly, placing new techniques into creation quicker. This constant, exceptionally intuitive methodology drastically abbreviates the time between technique creation and turn out. With Barclaycard destinations of the new methodologies to expand enthusiasm bearing adjusts, increment turnover, control terrible obligation, and address whittling down, Fair, Fair Isaac can be a major assistance for the association. While the normal number of cards in a person’s wallet has expanded in the course of the most recent five years, the incentive to a person of having numerous cards will lessen in a domain where credit is a product.

Investment Report on Qantas Airlines

Speculation Report on Qantas Airlines Presentation Qantas principle worldwide centers are at Sydney and Melbourne air terminal, just as works a critical number of universal flights. Qantas possesses Jetstar Airways and when it became privatized in 1993, got one of the most productive aircrafts on the planet. Qantas has an aggregate of 299 airplanes and 29,350 workers starting at 2015, and its nearest rival is Singapore Airlines (SIA). Qantas objective is to be the universes best aircraft, giving travel encounters and putting security first consistently. Since 2006, Qantas has spared over 2.5 million tons of carbon outflow through its Qantas Future Planet Program. This is Qantass program for their maintainability, natural and social activities. In 2008, Qantas requested 20 A380s, and utilizing Required Navigation Performance and air traffic the executives, assisted with sparing a huge number of kilograms of carbon discharge. In 2012, Qantas won an honor for setting the standard for enormous associations and has won another 3 honors till date. Budgetary/Economic Performance Table 1.0 General Information on Qantas Budgetary Information and Analysis of Qantas This bit of the report plans to give pertinent budgetary data, examination and the benefit of Qantas. This report likewise thinks about among Qantas and SIA to give a more inside and out assessment on the benefit of Qantas. Gainfulness Analysis of Qantas As found in Table 1.0, Qantas had a negative profit for resources (ROA), return on value (ROE), just as net revenue. As indicated by Max Mason (2014), the legal misfortune doesn't speak to a money misfortune to the organization, rather it is a paper misfortune in the estimation of its benefits. Be that as it may, in 2015, Qantas made a rebound and made an expansion of 26%. Besides, Qantas made a 83% expansion consequently on value (ROE) and their net revenue expanded by 31%. This shows Qantass negative proportions were most presumably brought about by absence of clients needing to travel. ROA measures the arrival earned by the executives through activities just as mirrors the consequence of the entitys capacity to change over deals income into benefit. ROE quantifies the pace of profit for the capital contributed by investors. A supported high ROE pulls in new contenders to the business and in the end dissolves overabundance ROE. Overall revenue is a proportion of productivity. It is utilized to ascertain the net benefit as a level of the income. Liquidity Analysis Table 1.1 Liquidity Analysis of Qantas While figuring current proportion, it is ideal if the proportion is at least 1 than 1. The vast majority respect a present proportion that is under 1, as an organization that is confronting bankruptcy. While Qantas for this situation has a proportion of under 1, it is as yet ameliorating to realize that their advantages despite everything contain enough money and receivables, and one of the non-current liabilities contains income got ahead of time. In spite of the fact that it is unmerited, when the sum got is earned, it will be credited in like manner. 2.3 Profitability Ratios Between Qantas and SIA Table 1.3 Profitability Ratios among Qantas and SIA Table 1.4 Qantas and SIA Financial Statement 2015 2.3.1 ROA Comparison Between Qantas and SIA Profit Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) shows the income created by the organization, overlooking duty and obligation. A high EBIT would imply that the organization is either acquiring a high income or have low costs. As found in Table 1.4, in spite of the fact that the income earned is about the equivalent, SIAs consumption is higher, along these lines bringing about a lower EBIT. Including to that, SIAs resource is higher than Qantas, in this manner bringing about a lower ROA. The ROA shows that Qantas can change over deals income into benefit superior to SIA just as better at producing pay from its advantage ventures. Additionally, this converts into productivity in utilizing its assets in order to create a decent return for financial specialists. 2.3.2 ROE Comparison Between Qantas and SIA As observed from Table 1.4, Qantas NPAT is higher than SIA, which converts into Qantas being better at winning an arrival on the value gave to them. That can be seen from the measure of value the two organizations have. For SIA, this is the thing that we call a capital financed organization. A capital financed organization depends on speculation from investors to work and for SIA, it is indicated that they are not utilizing their ventures to empower a decent come back to their financial specialists. 2.3.3 Profit Margin Comparison Between Qantas and SIA Overall revenue is a proportion used to ascertain a companys money related execution. Usually, a low net revenue would show lower deals than different organizations in the business. As observed from Table 1.3 and 1.4, Qantas has nearly a similar income, however a higher net revenue than SIA, which could show that they are cost cognizant, hence have less use. Social Performance of Qantas Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), is a type of self-guideline that organizations take part in, to give some social great, past the interests of the firm, controllers and natural assurance gatherings. By attempted CSR, organizations can contact buyers trust through positive advertising and urge the organization to have an effect on the earth and partners. Qantas accomplices with associations, for example, Make-A-Wish, e-motion21, Mardi Gras and UNICEF to advance a positive change. 3.1 Make-A-Wish Australia Qantas is the official aircraft of Make-A-Wish Australia, an association that awards wishes to kids with dangerous sicknesses. Since 1985, more than 8000 wishes had been conceded and since 2008, the Qantas Foundation has given over $5.7 million for worthy missions in Australia. Qantas additionally satisfied the desire of a kid, with stage 4 Wilms tumor, who needed to be a pilot by carrying him to a plane test system just as demonstrated him around the functions of a plane. 3.2 E.motion21 E.motion21 is a non-benefit association that means to improve the lives of individuals with down condition through move, wellness and execution. As a corporate accomplice, Qantas upheld the association by sending 18 artists and their families to South Africa for the World Down Syndrome Congress and even gave Lauren Potter an unexpected serenade when she contacted down in Australia. 3.3 Mardi Gras Otherwise called the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in Australia, its a procession to observe Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) pride. As a significant accomplice of the procession, Qantas commends the soul of decent variety by having their own Gay 380 buoy. Qantas is likewise a Gay-Friendly carrier, with direct trips to Australia and New Zealand, nations with a flourishing LGBT people group. 3.4 UNICEF Giving helpful help to kids and moms in creating nations, UNICEF is a non-benefit association that depends on government and private financing. UNICEF cooperated with Qantas to make the Change for Good program, where Qantas travelers undesirable extra change were gathered and given to UNICEF to give course readings to instruction or shielding kids from ailments. This idea has helped raise in any event $28 million in the course of recent years. Ecological Performance of Qantas Qantas steps up to the plate in securing nature on both land and air, and has organizations that advance maintainability and protection. The most significant activity would be noticeable all around, where planes are much of the time discharging outflows that gradually hurts the ozone layer. Since 2007, Qantas has been lessening destructive emanations, making them one of the business chiefs in ecological security. Starting at 2014, Qantas figured out how to diminish power utilization by 9%, water utilization by 11% and landfill by 20%. To arrive at their 2020 objective, Qantas has been utilizing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), putting resources into eco-friendliness, flying carbon impartial, and reusing. On the ground, Qantas ensures the earth in a roundabout way by utilizing gaseous petrol for their home office just as a decrease in utilities utilized. 4.1 In the Air 4.1.1 Sustainable Aviation Fuel SAF is presently in its subsequent age and right now, 2% of worldwide emanations originate from flying and is relied upon to ascend to 3% by 2050. Albeit sunlight based, electric and hydrogen airplanes are being investigated on now, it is still increasingly attainable to utilize SAF because of flights requirement for high capacity to-weight proportion. In 2012, Qantas was the main Australian carrier to utilize SAF to work a business flight and have banded together with Shell Australia and the legislature to investigate the creation of SAF in Australia. In an investigation led with industry accomplices, discoveries have indicated that SAF can bring about the making of 12,000 clean vitality employments, a 17% decrease in discharges and a $2 billion decrease in the dependence of oil imports. 4.1.2 Fuel Efficiency Program As of late, Qantas has eliminated old planes and bought fresher ones that are outfitted with the most recent innovation and motors. A portion of the planes incorporate the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A320 neo. Different techniques for eco-friendliness would incorporate weight decrease by putting resources into lighter hardware or altering the measure of versatile water the plane conveys dependent on traveler needs and area length. 4.1.3 Flying Carbon Neutral Since the dispatch of the Fly Carbon Neutral program in 2007, Qantas has figured out how to counterbalance over 1.8 million tons of carbon. Carbon balancing in business terms, is the buying of carbon credits to empower organizations to make up for their carbon emanations. For Qantas, in addition to the fact that they offset their representatives carbon impression, however each time a client flies on Qantas, they can decide to balance a lot of carbon outflows. At the end of the day, you contribute an aggregate of cash proportionate to your carbon impression and Qantas will utilize that commitment to finance carbon balance extends that gives certified, enduring ecological and social advantages. Qantas doesn't acquire from the commitment and Fly Carbon Neutral is the biggest carrier balanced star

Self-Restraint as a Virtue

Self-Restraint as a Virtue Freedom. Regardless of how you define it, everyone values freedom. The word alone conjures images of doing whatever we want, whenever we want. Whatever. Whenever. Dig deeper, however, and we quickly realize thats not freedomâ€"its self-inflicted tyranny. Left to her own devices, my four-year-old will happily do whatever she wants: throw her toys across the room, binge-watch Peppa Pig, gorge on chocolate cake, refuse to brush her teeth, play in traffic. These decisions feel good in the moment, but as our poor decisions compound, we reap the rotting fruits of our indiscretions. In time, bad decisions pave the road to bad habits, and those habits trap us. Eventually, the cage weve built keeps us closed off from the very thing we soughtâ€"freedom. Of course, a four-year-old lacks the fully developed prefrontal cortex to be blamed for her impulsive decisions. But whats our excuse? The antidote to impulse, then, isnt more freedomâ€"its self-restraint. When implemented regularly, this restraint seeds a better life formed by good habits, and a refined freedom blossoms with bounty. This essay was also published in our side project, Minimalism Life. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Essay Critical Incident Assignment - 4588 Words

Portfolio – A description and analysis of up to 3 critical incidents encountered on school Experience A that you consider to be teaching dilemmas In this assignment, I will analyse and reflect on a critical incident that I was confronted with during school experience A (here after will be referred to as SEA). I will reflect on the implications that my critical incident has had on my practice and I will relate it to theory. In addition, I will make reference to four approaches of analysis which have been outlined by Tripp (1993). Tripp’s four approaches focus on the why challenge, personal theory, thinking strategies and dilemma identification. I will examine these four approaches and discuss the ways in which I can develop my teaching†¦show more content†¦I was pleased to see that child x was optimistic to participate in my lesson as he showed great enthusiasm. Nonetheless, my incident also reveals the pessimistic point of my incident. Although child x was engaged in the lesson, his behaviour was disruptive and he interrupted my teaching which did not benefit the pupils learning. Due to the fact that I am a ref lective thinker, I could have thought about possible alternatives and considered the incident from the child’s point of view. For instance, rather than moving child x next to the teaching assistant, I could have considered how he felt and the reasons why he did not put his hand up during class discussions. If I chose to make an alternative decision, what would the outcome be? I continue to ask myself a series of questions. After my maths lessons, I proposed a series of questions to myself: why does he call out during my lessons? Why do I have the expectation that he should put his hand up? Should I have imposed a different solution rather than have child x sit next to the teaching assistant? Could I have handled the situation more effectively? I continued to ask myself a series of questions which enabled me to reflect on what I did and why I did it. Although I may not be able to find a solution to my critical incident, I aim to explore and analyse it by reflecting on my teaching practice. Dewey (1933) in Pollard (1998) highlights thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about Using Reflection to Identify Teacher Development Needs1883 Words   |  8 PagesWithin this assignment I will start with a brief outline of what reflection is and propose a rationale for engaging in reflection. I will then identify three key themes that featured in my reflective journal and explore these using theoretical models and critical an alysis in relation to the development of my professional practice throughout the course and as a trainee teacher. 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The vast experiencesRead MoreReflective Practice And Professional Development921 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment Assignment 1 This assignment will critically reflect on experiential learning episodes with further assistance from two critical friends, one who is a 20 year old male based in the outdoor sector and another from outside the outdoor sector who is 29years old also male but based outside the outdoor sector as his occupation is a university lecturer and corporal in the British army. it must be recognised that there may be a possibility that critical friends may be biased. Critical friendsRead MoreClassroom Incidents957 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom Incidents Name University Classroom Incidents A classroom incident is an unexpected event that occurs in a classroom causing disturbance or presenting a safety risk. A classroom incident can affect a teacher, a student or all the members of the classroom. 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Rome The Greatest Empires That Ever Existed - 1433 Words

Rome!!! From Humble Beginning. Rome is one of the greatest empires that ever existed. However, how did it begin? Who started it? How did it become and empire? How big did this empire get? In addition, when did it become an empire? Rome all began around the eighth century and was founded at about 753 B.C. Ancient Rome from there grew from a small Iron Age hut village in central Italy’s Tiber River to a huge empire. There was a legend about the two men who founded Rome. Romulus and Remus founded Rome. They were the twin sons of Mars. Mars was the supposed god of war. The legend began when they were both left to drown in a basket on the Tiber by a king of nearby Alba Longa. They were rescued by what some would describe was a she-wolf; the twins lived their lives preparing a planning to defeat that king. When they finally defeated him, they founded their own city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. things were peaceful for a while but soon Romulus got greedier for more power. 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Dunkin Donuts Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the aspects of Ramone becoming a franchisee of Dunkin’ Donuts. The writer will talk about any critical issues that Ramone will face during this process. In addition, the writer will discuss any information that Ramone should be privy to prior to becoming a franchisee. We will write a custom essay sample on Dunkin Donuts or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author will also deliberate about what marketing mix the future franchisee should look for with his business and what marketing information he should seek. Lastly, the writer will give his/her recommendations on what actions should be taken to rectify any critical issues that were identified. Introduction Dunkin’ Donuts was the creation of Bill Rosenberg, who opened the first store in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1950. The slogan, â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin† has become a household phrase. Dunkin’ Donuts is considered the world’s largest coffee and baked goods chains, surpassing the Starbucks and Krispy Kreme chains. They serve more than 52 different varieties of donuts, over a dozen types of coffees, and an assortment of other baked goods (www. dunkindonuts. com). It is a wonder that more people are not jumping at the opportunity to become a part of this great brand. Ramone has come to realize what a great opportunity this would be and is ready to start the franchising process. Ramone has been interested in franchising for some time now. He was never quite sure what type of business he would end up choosing. He only knew one thing for sure; it would be in the food service industry. The aspiring Dunkin’ Donuts franchisee, has realized the potential that this chain holds. He meets all of their qualifications, which are a net worth of $1, 500,000, cash liquidity of $750,000, and prior business experience (http://www. entrepreneur. com/franchises/dunkindonuts/282304-0. html). He has decided that he wants to become a Dunkin’ Donuts franchisee, but has some uncertainties. Critical Issues One critical issue that caused Ramone to be apprehensive was the marketing aspect of franchising. â€Å"Marketing involves everything that it takes to get a product or service into the buyer’s hands† (Judd Justice, 2008). The Dunkin Donuts franchisee is eligible for marketing support in the form of regional advertising (http://www. entrepreneur. com/franchises/dunkindonuts/282304-0. html). Ramone is unsure what is marketing strategy will consist of; that is, what customers he should market to and what will fulfill their needs. Another issue that Ramone is struggling with was where he should place his new Dunkin Donuts franchise. This is an important factor in determining his success or failure as a new franchisee. It falls under the marketing mix, which include product, price, promotion, and place (Judd Justice, 2008). Product aspect would include the brand, quality, and packaging. The price aspect would include financing, product pricing, and possible discounts for the product. Promotion includes the budget, any advertising of the franchise and/or product, and possible media coverage. The last piece of the marketing mix, place, would include the location, target market, and the channels used to get the product to the customer. This formula is something that must be understood completely in order for Ramone to use it to his advantage when beginning the franchise process. Dunkin’ Donuts must approve the location that the franchisee has selected. There are also some ideal guidelines that the corporate offices have set in order to ensure the optimal success. The land should be anywhere from ? to 2 acres in size. The building itself should be 1,200 to 2,600 square feet. The location should be easily visible to potential customers and have ample parking available. These are just a few of the many suggestions that are given to franchisees on the Dunkin’ Donuts franchising website. Ramone is also concerned about product development and how often something new is added to the mix. He is excited at the prospect of being able to use some of his creative energy to possibly create the â€Å"next big thing†. Typically, this type of issue is covered in the franchisor/franchisee contract or can be addressed during the 6-week training program. This is definitely something that Ramone needs to look into since he is feels so strongly about it. Information Needed Prior to Becoming a DD Franchisee Franchising can be a risky business. Dunkin’ Donuts is a nationally known brand, but even with that going for them there could still be problems. There is not a 100% guarantee that the business will succeed. The franchisee may go into the endeavor believing that there is an assurance of a huge profit and that may not always be the case. Ramone needs to be aware of the benefits and the drawbacks of becoming a franchisee for Dunkin’ Donuts. He would also need to make sure he understood the aspects of the franchisor contract, which sometimes includes hidden fees and guidelines that would be the responsibility of the franchisee. The contracts have strict clauses that would alarm even the savviest of lawyers. According to an article written on the New York Daily News website, Dunkin’ Donuts has made it common practice to sue franchisees over the minutest things (http://www. nydailynews. com/ny_local/brooklyn/2008/04/29/2008-04-29_dunkin_donuts_business_practices_have_lo-1. html). Marketing Information Marketing is essential to the start-up of any new business. It is how you represent the business so that customers will use your service or buy your product. Ramone is not that knowledgeable when it comes to who his target market is, what location he should choose for his Dunkin’ Donuts franchise, or the aspects of the marketing process in general. There is significant information that Ramone should find prior to starting the franchising process. First, Ramone should research markets to see exactly who his target market would be. Would it be 18-25 year olds? Would it be 50-65 year olds? This information is critical in planning. If the majority of his market is older, then he could offer senior discounts on certain days? If it was the younger generation, then he could have live music on Fridays. The information could provide a wealth of opportunities for him and ensure success if approved by headquarters. Dunkin’ Donuts offers some information that will assist Ramone in the early phase. He would have access to market research, brand management, regional and national advertising, and professional support as needed (https://www. dunkinfranchising. om/aboutus/franchise/franchise-profile-demo. html). The Marketing Mix The marketing mix consists of product, place, promotion and price. These 4 aspects of marketing are essential for getting a franchise off the ground and off to a good start. Ramone will need to focus on the quality of the product (s) he will be selling. The Dunkin’ Donuts chain pride is known for providing high quality products and excellent c ustomer service at a convenient and clean atmosphere (Judd Justice, 2008). The customer experience is very important to any business, but it is a trademark at Dunkin’ Donuts. Ramone will have access to construction managers, training consultants, and wide array of other tools (https://www. dunkinfranchising. com/aboutus/franchise/franchise-profile-demo. html). The location that he chooses for his franchise has to be approved by Dunkin’ professionals who are familiar with what works and what does not. Brand recognition is not an issue because Dunlin’ Donuts is a household name and that works in Ramone’s favor. In addition to the basic marketing strategies used by Dunkin’ Donuts, Ramone could make additions that would capture the attention of his target market. Blogs, free Wi-Fi, live music on the weekends, contests, special discounts, and loyalty programs are just a few ideas that would work for the franchise. Recommendations One issue that Ramone faced was his lack of knowledge in the marketing field. He had prior business experience, but that did not included marketing. One of the aspects of the Dunkin’ Donuts franchising process is to attend a mandatory, 6- week training course at Dunkin’ Donuts University. The training program includes information about product methods, accounting, budgeting, and employee motivation (Judd Justice, 2008). The writer recommends that a crash course in marketing be given as well. Dunkin’ Donuts provides assistance with this through access to marketing professionals, but it would definitely benefit franchisees to have a little background in it. Many franchisors offer extensive training for all levels of employees in the franchise (Justis Chan, 1991). Another critical issue that Ramone is having is where to start construction on his franchise. The ‘place’ aspect of the marketing mix includes both physical location and how the product is distributed, which makes it the most challenging component to modify (Schneider Bradish, 2006). Location is an integral part of a successful business. If a business is far out customers may never make it out. The writer’s recommendation is for Ramone to utilize the professional assistance offered once becoming a franchisee. It is important to the success of the franchise to have the franchisee involved in every level of the franchise operation and that includes selection of location (Stites, 2008). Product development and the ever-evolving customer experience are also very high on Ramone’s list of issues. He wants to make sure that his venture is successful and will continue to be for many years to come. One very big reason for Dunkin’ Donuts’ success is its ability to change its campaigns as deemed necessary by the world around it a specific moment in time (Renfrow, 2010). It is the writer’s recommendation for Ramone to seek out the advice of the many professionals that he would have access to as a franchisee. Their advice will be invaluable and could help him or at least lead him in the right path. Conclusion Ramone is a young businessman that has decided to start the franchising process with Dunkin’ Donuts. He has a few issues that make him leery to begin the process. However, those issues should be no problem to address with the extensive, 6-week training provided by Dunkin’ Donuts University. Ramone is excited about the limited possibilities that going into this new endeavor could bring for him. He has already started thinking about new products and promotions that would draw new customers in and keep the old customers coming back. The writer has recommended that Ramone utilize all the great tools provided by Dunkin’ Donuts to its franchisees. They offer a wealth of information that stems around making sure the franchisee is successful. How to cite Dunkin Donuts, Papers

Demonstrative Communication Paper free essay sample

Demonstrative Communication Paper BCOM/275 Demonstrative Communication Paper â€Å"Demonstrative communication includes nonverbal and unwritten communication and involves such things as facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language. † (University of Phoenix, 2011, Course Syllabus) Demonstrative communication supplements verbal communication in many ways. For example, when a salesman dresses smartly, and presents a friendly attitude he is saying I’m trustworthy and am offering a great deal. Demonstrative communication, as stated above, is done several ways via nonverbal action such as, a smile on a salesman’s face and his posture when presenting his wares. The facial expression would portray a positive image since he is smiling. The salesman’s tone of voice is another indicator of positive communication. The salesman’s body language is another factor when discussing demonstrative communication. The listener processes all the demonstrative communication indicators and perceives an overall positive image. If the listener perceives the salesman’s demonstrative communication as deceptive or not genuine then the image would be negative and ineffective communication would occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Demonstrative Communication Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ineffective demonstrative communication can have many negative effects such as misunderstandings in the workplace and personal life. Often other difficulties with personnel can occur as a result of ineffective demonstrative communication. In the example above, if the salesman’s tone of voice was aggressive, loud and condescending then he would be an ineffective demonstrative communicator and not make any sales; therefore the experience the sender has is ineffective and a negative one. The sender’s demonstrative communication, in this case the salesman, would then cause himself to lose his job because he could not effectively achieve his goal of selling. Also if the sender’s ineffective demonstrative communication is carried over into his personal life he could become divorced and have no friend. Body language, a nonverbal form of communication, is a very important form of communication. For example, if a student is listening at a lecture and the speaker is not making eye contact, making wild hand gestures, jerky body movements, and their voice is cracking then the listeners would have a negative experience. The way the speaker moves, looks and reacts tells the listeners he is uncomfortable and this causes the listeners to become disinterested in the subject matter. These nonverbal communications have a huge impact on how the listeners respond because gestures express as much as or more than words. The speaker must be acutely aware of his body language and that of his audience because if he crosses his arms it could indicate defensiveness or disinterest. The speaker may clench or wring his hands can indicate tension, strong disagreement or feelings of pressure. If the speaker begins to tap his fingers on the podium or looking at his watch can show boredom or impatience. Eye contact, or lack of it, can cause a listener to feel ignored; too much might cause the listener to feel self-conscious or threatened. Facial expressions can reflect honesty, friendliness, guilt, happiness, sadness, fear and many other feelings. Unlike verbal sentences, facial expressions can express the entire message in an instant. â€Å"In contrast to other closed-class expressions, demonstratives are universal, they are generally so old that their roots are not etymologically analyzable, they are among the earliest words that children learn, and they are closely tied to a particular gesture. (Diessel, Holger, 2006). This statement by Diessel and Holger emphasizes how ingrained demonstrative communication is in language. Demonstrative communication is a vital part of the communication process. By understanding the importance of demonstrative communication the sender can then determine his effectiveness when communicating with others. The sender then can ascertain if his messag e is effective or ineffective and positively or negatively received. The receiver’s demonstrative communication also informs the sender how the message is decoded. Using the indicators of demonstrative communication the sender can then tailor his message because if he realizes the message is becoming ineffective he can make adjustments to become effective. Likewise, if the message is received negatively adjustments are made to make the message into a positive. References Diessel, Holger. (2006). Demonstratives, joint attention, and the emergence of grammar. Cognitive Linguistics. Vol. 17 Issue 4, p464-465. doi:10. 1515/COG. 2006. 015 University of Phoenix. (2011). Course Syllabus. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BCOM/275—Business Communication and Critical Thinking course website.

Amir and Baba Essay Example

Amir and Baba Essay Amir and Babas relationship changes throughout the novel. The novel starts out with Amir doing whatever he could to win his fathers attention, which includes betraying his best friend, Hassan. He betrayed Hassan for his fathers full attention. He then earns it when Hassan and Ali move out and Baba and Amir move to America. Here are the examples. 1. Amir and Babas relationship is fake. Amir is pretending to be someone he is not by pretending to enjoy the soccer games Baba always takes him to see. 2. Amir and Babas relationship becomes real when Baba is diagnosed with cancer. Amir cares for him and stays with him until he dies. They become very close. 3. Amir and Baba are very alike. They both betrayed their best friends. Baba betrayed Ali by sleeping with his wife, and Amir betrayed Hassan by not standing up for him while getting assaulted. Then they both try to redeem themselves with doing other good deeds. Baba, running an orphanage, and Amir going back to Kabul to save Sohrab, Hassans son. I hope these work for you 🙂 ONE DECISION CHANGED EVERYTHING Too late we learn, a man must hold his friend unjudged, accepted, trusted to the end (John Boyle OReilly). We will write a custom essay sample on Amir and Baba specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Amir and Baba specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Amir and Baba specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Khaled Hosseini’s story of The Kite Runner showed a vast amount of love, trust, and betrayal towards two completely different people. Amir, the son of a wealthy and well-known man in the northern area of Kabul, develops a friendship with one of his servants named Hassan. As years progressed, Amir had a chance to save Hassan but the way he acted affected their lives which led them to follow two separate paths in life. Looking into his past, an aged and wise Amir struggled with the choices that he made as a young child that ultimately altered the friendship with Hassan. As young boys becoming adolescents, Amir and Hassan enjoyed doing everything together. However, Amir never considered Hassan and him friends. Amir felt this way because he knew that neither history nor religion changed who they were. In the end, Amir was a Pashtun and Hassan was a Hazara. But, they were kids; they fed from the same breast and they learned to crawl together. Nothing was going to change that either. Amir spent most of the first twelve years of his life with Hassan. They used to play hide-and-seek, cops and robbers, cowboys and Indians, and they loved insect torture (Hosseini 25). They took strolls together through the parks and saw many movies together. One of the most memorable times that Amir and Hassan shared together was underneath their pomegranate tree on top of a hill. They climbed the tree and Amir read many stories to Hassan. Hassan was uneducated and Amir made fun of him because he could not read. One summer day, Amir and Hassan took knives to the top of the hill and carved their names in the tree. It read, â€Å"Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul†. No matter what would happen to these two in the future, this saying was permanent and the story of the lives of these two individuals never left this tree. Those words made it formal: the tree was theirs (Hosseini 27). Hassan was the one who helped Amir choose the path of his future career. Amir had taken advantage of the friendship between Hassan and him. He made fun of him whenever he had the chance, but Hassan never took it to heart and still perceived Amir as his best friend. One day while he read to Hassan, Amir made up the ending of the story and Hassan loved it. He said, â€Å"That was the best story you’ve read me in a long time† (Hosseini 30). That same night, he wrote his first story. In The Kite Runner, Hassan was both physically and mentally stronger than Amir. According to Baba, Amir’s father, there was something wrong with Amir since his birth. Amir never stood up for himself and he was different for the fact that he liked poetry, something that Baba believed was not normal for a young boy. One day while Hassan and Amir were walking towards their tree, they came upon Assef and his friends. Assef was the son of one of Baba’s friends, an airline pilot. He was known for his brass knuckles and wanted to start an argument with Hassan and Amir. Right before he was going to hurt them, Hassan grabbed his slingshot and aimed it right at Assef’s left eye. He let the boys go but said he was going to get revenge. This part of the story foreshadowed an event that occurred later in the story in which Amir and Hassan’s lives were changed forever. Throughout the entire story, Amir felt that Baba was not giving him the attention he needed. Anytime Amir wanted to be alone with his father, Baba asked Hassan to join him. Many examples were written in the book, but the general idea was that Amir was never left to be with his father alone. This presented another foreshadowing scene that was resolved at the end of the book. This was a large twist to the story that many people never saw coming. Kite flying was a major event that took place every year. The object of the game was to be the last kite flying in the air. After all the other kites were cut down, a person chased the kite to redeem their pride and glory. During the tournament, Amir cut down the last kite and Hassan ran to get the kite for Amir. Amir went looking for Hassan after he did not arrived home. This is when the devastating incident occurred that changed the friendship of Amir and Hassan. â€Å"I opened my mouth, almost said something. Almost. The rest of my life might have turned out differently if I had. But I did not. I just watched paralyzed† (Hosseini 73). Trying to find Hassan, Amir walked through the streets of his home town as he looked and asked others if they saw a Hazara running for/with a blue kite. All of a sudden, Amir heard voices and he found Hassan. Amir saw the blue kite behind the back of Hassan; he protected the kite from the one person that he hated the most. It was Assef. Hassan did not give up the kite and was given two options: He either gave the blue kite to Assef or expected something bad to happen to him. Hassan refused to give up the kite and was molested. Amir caught a glimpse of Hassan’s face and ran away. He betrayed the person that once stood up for him; the one person who was willing to do anything to be loyal to Amir. He was a coward. At that instant in time when Amir decided to run, life was no longer what it used to be. â€Å"I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it. I waited another thirty minutes. Then I knocked on Baba’s door and told what I hoped would be the last in a long line of shameful lies† (Hosseini 104). Amir could not stand living with Hassan any more. He tried to make it seem as if Hassan stole money from Amir. After Baba was notified about this incident, he made everyone sit in a room. Hassan took the blame for the stealing because he wanted to save Amir. Amir was surprised when Baba had forgiven Hassan for the stealing, but Asi told Baba that they could not stand living there anymore and they decided to leave. As Hassan and his father loaded their belongings into Baba’s vehicle, Amir realized that this was the last time he saw Hassan in person. Forever. Due to the war going on, Amir and Baba were forced to move to America. Here, Amir started a whole new life and began a family. Amir and his wife tried to have a child, but they were unlucky. Baba later died in the story and Amir had to live life on his own. He kept thinking back to the old times in Kabul where he grew up. However, no matter how hard Amir tried to forget about the rape of Hassan, the dreams kept coming. The phone call. Amir received a phone call from a past friend that wanted him to return to his home country. Amir did not want to leave his life in America, but he went anyway. After he arrived, Amir received the shocking news; from this moment on everything in his past now made sense! Rahim Khan, the friend of Amir who told him to come back to Pakistan, said that Hassan was not just their servant; Amir and Hassan were brothers. Asi, the man who raised Hassan, was sterile and Baba was his true father. The secret had been kept between Baba and Rahim Khan throughout the lives of Amir and Hassan. Amir was very upset and yelled, â€Å"I’m thirty eight years old and I’ve just found out my whole life is one big fucking lie! † (Hosseini 222). The main reason that Rahim Khan brought Amir back to Pakistan was not for the sake of telling him that Hassan was his brother. Amir found out that while he was living a life in America, Hassan started his own as well. They had a child named Sohrab; however, this child was now sought to be found because Hassan and his wife were killed during the war. In the end, Amir decided to stand up for himself and knew that he had to find this child. He was not going to be the same coward that was back as a child; those days were over. Amir had found Sohrab and took him back to America. As time progressed, Amir saw many similarities in Sohrab that he had once seen in Hassan. Through the long journey of finding and rescuing Sohrab, Amir finally began to see who he really was. There is a way to be good again (Hosseini 226). Rahim Khan was one of the few men that knew everything that occurred in Amir’s life. He knew about the raping. He knew that Amir had been a coward and ran away. He knew Amir was suffering and he wanted to relieve him of his guilt; the only way to do this was to have Amir come back to Pakistan and care for Hassan’s only child. After saving Sohrab, Amir no longer felt like a coward. Amir realized that the past could not be changed or altered to how he wanted his life to end up. He now understood his goal in life and that was to take care of Sohrab. He needed to repay Hassan back for all the good that he has done for him, even though he knew that nobody could live up to the loyalty and trust that Hassan gave him. Amir loved Hassan and wanted to repay him in as many ways as possible; he would have done anything for him if he was still alive today†¦a thousand times over.

How to keep Your New Year’s resolutions

How to keep Your New Year’s resolutions This is the time of year where everyone’s optimistic about how much better they’re going to do once the calendar flips over to January 1. We’re all going to be healthier, more motivated, more focused, and more zen, right? Sure. For a little while. Then reality hits, and those resolutions start looking more like quaint relics of last month. But we could all stand to be healthier, more productive, nicer, etc., so how do you make those stick well into February and beyond? Let’s look at some tips you can use to help make better, more achievable, and more successful personal and professional goals for the coming year.Build in some accountability.Some of us are better than others at self-motivation and keeping ourselves on track. For others of us, well, the excuses mount. I’m so busy. I’ll deal with this later. I can’t do this because X, Y, and Z. The main problem here is that you’re the one monitoring yourself, and you’re the one both making and accepting the decision to slack off on the resolutions. If that sounds painfully familiar (and if it does, I hear you), that’s why you need someone else to help keep you accountable to yourself.In my own life, I find I’m much more successful at staying on track when I know I’m going to have to talk about it with someone else. For example, it helps me hunker down and read my book club’s current book when I know I still have 50 pages to go, but there’s an official date and time set to talk about it with my friends.So basically, find a resolution buddy- or several buddies, for different things. That can be as simple as finding someone to go with you to the gym, making it more of an appointment than a chore. Or it can mean having regular check-ins or coffee dates where you talk about your progress on a particular goal. At work, it can be a colleague who’s also interested in taking on more projects or arriving on time every da y. Having someone else who knows what you’re up to can motivate you to make time for your task (whatever it may be), and give you a sense of purpose.Start small- and specific.If you want to make a lasting change, you’re setting yourself up to fail if you set a task so overwhelming or complicated that you’ll get frustrated right away. A frustrating resolution is often a failed resolution, so what’s the point of using â€Å"go big or go home† as your guiding principle here? For example, weight loss is a pretty common resolution for the new year. It’s also very vague. Sure, you want to lose weight. How much, and over how much time? Setting smaller, specific goals will help you chip away at the larger one.If you want to lose weight, say you’ll lose five pounds by February. Then another five pounds by March. Setting these smaller, month-by-month goals gives you milestones that you can hit, and feel proud about reaching. Feeling successful will make you more likely to stick with your new weight loss regime. On the other hand, if you say â€Å"I will lose 50 pounds next year† without really breaking down how that will happen, you’re more likely to feel overwhelmed about the massive change you need to make, and let the whole thing lapse.At work, think along the same lines. Say you want to be more organized at work. What specific steps can you take to get there? Maybe the first step is downloading a productivity app that can help you manage your schedule and projects, and the step after that is tackling your email inbox and organizing it into folders. These are specific, manageable tasks that contribute to the larger goal, but are easy to accomplish in, say, an afternoon instead of languishing on a mental â€Å"when I have time† list.Use the whole year.Part of the reason resolutions are such a popular idea is that we have this sense that once the year changes, everything should be different and bette r, instantly. The reality is that this new you should be an all-year thing, not an â€Å"everything right now† thing. Set mini-goals throughout the year, or think about the milestones you want to hit before next December.For example, if your goal is to save more money, put specific dollar amounts to that goal throughout the year, so you’re not scrambling (or giving up on the notion) all at once to meet the goal late in the year. You can set up automatic deposits on a regular basis. Moving, say, $25 from your paycheck to savings every pay period is going to be a lot less painful than trying to move over thousands of dollars all at once from checking to savings. Use the calendar to figure out how often you’ll need to do something to make your goal for the year.Be flexible.Things change in life. And sometimes they change quickly. So flexibility is a key quality of any resolution. When you’re thinking about your resolutions for the next year, think about pote ntial â€Å"plan B† goals as well. If you can’t get to the gym four mornings a week like you want to do, what other times could potentially work as well?Feel free to revisit any resolutions throughout the year, too. Maybe you were too optimistic about the number of online classes you would have time to take to build skills. Maybe you had some unexpected costs that put a dent in how much money you can sock away toward your savings goals. If something’s not working, for whatever reason, modify it in a way that does work for you.Expect to fail sometimes.If you were already perfect at something, it likely wouldn’t be on your resolutions list in the first place, right? Embrace the imperfections of this process. This is about being a better self, not necessarily the perfect self. (Let’s face it: a perfect self would be pretty boring, no?) And that means treating this like a journey, and learning from any failures or mistakes you make along that journey.I f you’ve set a goal for yourself of getting promoted or finding a new job within three months and that doesn’t happen, it doesn’t mean you’ve totally failed at your goal and should walk away. It just means you should ask yourself what worked and what didn’t, and try again.Reward yourself.Fun fact: bribes work wonderfully well when it comes to motivation, whether you’re a kid or a seasoned adult. So build in your own personal rewards program for achieving your milestone goals, or completing a full year of resolution-ing. And be creative- if your resolution is to lose weight and your standard self-reward is, say, ice cream, then your reward is undercutting your progress. But you could sub in a fun activity that you don’t get to do often, or buying yourself something you’ve had your eye on for a while. #treatyoselfThe reward doesn’t have to be anything extravagant or even all that personal. It could be as simple as allowing yourself a take-out lunch for every two weeks’ worth of lunches you pack and bring to work, or a 10-minute break for every two hours you go without checking your social media during the workday. Deprivation without any kind of reward can get unappealing fast, so if you can give yourself something to look forward to in exchange, you’re more likely to keep going with your progress.Take responsibility for your goals.Remember, this whole thing is about you and what you think will make you a happier, wealthier, wiser, more productive, or more successful person. You already know what needs to be done (hence the resolutions)- but you also know yourself better than anyone else does, so you know what your pitfalls, distractions, and weaknesses are likely to be. Even if you find an accountability buddy or tell the world about your grand plan to apply to grad school, it’s entirely on you to make these goals happen. The more control you accept and the more confidence you h ave in your ability to take concrete steps toward those goals, the easier it will be to make choices that support your resolutions.By setting realistic, achievable goals for yourself, and doing some planning ahead to keep yourself engaged in your self-improvement plan, you’re already stepping up your resolution game. It’s easy to say, â€Å"I should do X.† It’s much harder to say, â€Å"Here are the 10 things I need to do to achieve X, and here’s the timeline I want to follow.† But that commitment is worth it, because the more work you put in up front, the more work you’re going to want to do over the next year to make sure you’re getting something out of this process. We don’t get to be entirely new people at 12:01 on January 1, but with a little effort, we can feel more accomplished when the next round of New Year’s resolution-making hits. Good luck!

Describe something you have accomplished that makes you proud. what Essay

Describe something you have accomplished that makes you proud. what did you learn from this experience that might help you to ensure high academic achievement for all of your students - Essay Example When I was in college, I was married and I had two children at that time. Studying when one is married and has responsibility of children, cannot be considered an easy task. Studying requires enough time and at graduation level, it is also difficult. I learnt a lot when I studied at the college. I used to keep in mind that I would achieve my aim of obtainment of graduation degree because of my continuous struggle and hard work. I was to give time at my household and also to my studies. While studying for the bachelor’s degree, I learned to manage time and to work hard that plays a crucial role in everybody’s life. Management of time as well as hard work can be regarded as the most important aspects that we have to consider and exercise every time. My experience teaches me that time management and work should not be neglected in any case because if the aspects of time management and hard work are ignored, a person cannot succeed in his/her life. Success is directly attached to time management. In student life, a person learns to manage time. When one appears in the exam, it is only time management that helps him/her. As far as teachers are concerned, time management is also crucial. I was always attracted towards the profession of teaching. While being a student, I also learnt about being a teacher by means of my experiences in my college life with my teachers. As a teacher, my experience of being at a college will be very helpful for my students. I will facilitate with my experience of time management for their educational accomplishments and also, that a person can only succeed if he/she manages time and never loses courage towards the completion of his/her ambition. In my degree education, I never lost heart and struggled for the completion of my bachelors and also I managed time to succeed in my set aim. Pride can only come to a person when he/she

Water policy in the western USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Water policy in the western USA - Essay Example According to the 2000 population census, the population of western United States including cities like California continues to rise and this increases the pressure on water. As the demand for the precious commodity increases, the need for the state governments to develop policies that can protect and ensure its equitable distribution also increases. This paper will discuss the elements of water policies and the process of developing the same policies in western United States especially in the states of California (Von der Portena & De Loà «, 2014). The process of developing water policies is affected by a number of factors, which vary from one state to another, and is influenced by the extent of water demand and use in the region. The terrain and geographical position of California makes it vulnerable to water problems and conflicts and these have been solved through the development of water policies. The enactment of federal laws and regulations has also acted as a way of mitigating the conflicts and bringing together different economically warring factions. The development of water policies in the west especially in California is influenced by a number of factors which are intrinsic to California only. The constant earthquakes and catastrophic events that are common in California have continuously disrupted water supplies to different parts of the state. As a result, the formulation of policies has been influenced by these events and how they have affected the normal water use in the state. According to the United States geological survey, there is a 99% likelihood of a major earthquake in the southern parts of the state according to information from the last three decades. It is only in northern California that the risk is a bit lower but still disrupts the normal water supply and use in the state (Von der Portena & De Loà «, 2014). Earthquakes results into damage and the disruption of water

Internet Threats and Security for Protection

Internet Threats and Security for Protection Introduction Technology is still under development in Saudi Arabia and has not reached the advance level as its reached in UK and USA. Therefore Internet Security is still a main as well as a major issues to most businesses and organisations in Saudi Arabia. Media hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which have corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is enough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism. The chances to actually undergo extensive research and establish leads and ideas that I have not come across before about Internet Security, it is a major challenge for me and I feel that by conducting this research it will broaden my knowledge about Internet Security and also make people understand the aspects of Internet Security which they havent come across before. Abstract This dissertation looks at the question: ‘Is The Internet Secure?. Where secure is defined as ‘secure enough to trade or pass information via the Internet. With the constant media hype of Internet Security, it felt that this title to be one of interest and appealed. Therefore, research include, determining what types of organisations are present on the net, and categorising them into several groups. Studying past literature to determine all possible threats on the Internet and then to discuss possible solutions to these threats. As society is in the information revolution, in which the Internet is the main channel for distribution, this area of research is related to each and every one of us. Internet trading is a common practice amongst the new age. However, this is a subject that needs to be addressed to see whether all this ‘Media Hype is just that, or is their just grounds for concern. With the number of users on the Internet growing daily, and businesses becoming completely dependant on technology, serious issues of vulnerability need to be looked at. To ensure that no gaps appear in the security aspects of Internet, which will in turn trap the new users. Conclusions where made by in viewed and researched based companies. This research aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of Internet Security. The Internet is a medium that will be a part of future generations, and it is paramount that it is managed correctly and to ensure it does not have devastating consequences for those involved in its operation. The research carried out draws the conclusion, that the Internet is not a secure for trading, and that a regulatory body is required or a more structured policing. Therefore more actions from organisations are needed as well as from the government. Future research can concentrate on data recovery methods, application methods and interviewing in more depth and on a longer scale. Acknowledgement Chapter Outline Chapter1: The introductory of this chapter starts with the definition of I.T security. It follows on with what the aims and objectives are and the methodology followed during the fact finding exercise. The chapter outlines the scope and the limitations of the project. Chapter 2: This chapter describes how the internet was formed and how it has developed. Finally it highlights the key developments of the internet throughout its early life cycle, and the growth of its user base. Chapter 3: Defines the types of businesses that trade on the net categorising them into several divisions, which are further explained in the appendix. This chapter also talks about on-line banking and how to purchase over the Internet. Chapter 4: Starts by discussing the potential threats of viruses, how they work and how they spread. It also discusses what different authors believe to be the main threats of the Internet. It also talks about all the potential threats and briefly defines each one. Chapter 5: Discusses the potential answers to the security issues, broadly discussing all of the security applications available. The chapter introduces computer security as well as the different application. Chapter 6: The fact finding stage highlights the responses gained from the organisations, which were interviewed. The findings were incorporated into graphs to illustrate the answer. Chapter 7: To conclude this study, the author discusses what the project aims were, how the findings were achieved and why came to this conclusion. A SWOT analysis was also carried out to assist the conclusion. Appendix: Any information that did not fit in the thesis, which the author felt important, is included in the appendices. There are also other documents and information, which has been referenced in the dissertation in the appendices. I.T security as defined in this dissertation is the practices, procedures, applications and services which ensure a security breach or loss of use of a computer system does not occur. Security provides protection for IT system resources from human action. The security products, services and procedures used will aim to protect any hardware or data in the system. 1 Introduction Media hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which have corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is enough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism. 1.1Human Action Human-inspired security breaches are defined as accidental or deliberate, passive or active attacks, which result in the loss or damage of I.T system hardware, software or data. This can come in many guises, as the following shows: Viruses where a program is placed on a system with the intention of corrupting its processing. The theft of data. Hacking deliberately gaining unauthorised access to a computer system. The invasion of privacy, through the unauthorised disclosure of data and breaches of data protection legislation. Sabotage interfering with the processing of a system, such as the placing of a ‘clone machine. 1.2The Key areas of I.T Security I.T security involves a number of key areas. The most important of these are introduced under the following headings. 1.2.1 E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) enables measures to secure web merchants sites from external hacking and intrusion, with the aim to develop secure online transactions. E-Commerce requires the means to engage in electronic transactions without the fear that credit card details and bank details could get into the wrong hands. These involve, for example, the use of secure payment servers and secure software servers. 1.2.2 Network Security The aim of network security is to create a secure environment in which the users can send classified information and business applications solely to those people that they wish to receive them, preventing others from accessing the data. This is an issue of increasing concern, given the growing importance of networks to companies. This aspect of security tends to resolve around using network management and security software tools, and developing network security policies. 1.2.3 Virus Protection To prevent computer viruses from infecting I.T systems, companies use anti-virus software and alert systems. The requirements for information security as well as the type of products and services used to have undergone a major transformation since 1995. The need for security has widened, where traditionally it was confined mainly to governments, protecting classified data, financial institutions and protecting messages with monetary value, today most medium-sized to large organisations require information security. The growth of computer networks, group working and mobile working, and the subsequent need to communicate with contacts outside the organisation, has made I.T systems more open to external forces and more vulnerable to internal action. Today, security is demanded to handle communications through the internet, intranet, extranet and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). All of these technologies use common, standardised networking protocols and such networks are exposed to greater security threats than before. In a modern computer network, employees share information with each other, and companies share information with their suppliers, partners and customers. This calls for a more sophisticated security system, which is more comprehensive and flexible than the products and services used in the past, and which can be deployed to a large number of users in a consistent, manageable and secure fashion. 1.3 Aims and Objectives Introduce and provide an overview of the development of the Internet. How it was started and how it works. Identify the diverse nature of businesses that trade on the Internet, their roles and their functions. Identify and disseminate the literature available on threats inherent in the use of the Internet including viruses and secure transmission of data. Identify and discuss the appropriate solutions for any potential threats for internet security. Evaluate and conclude the arguments, to discuss potential ways of enforcing a suitable security policy for web-based companies. 1.4 Methodology Information for this study was gathered from journals, books, Internet sources and certain company documentation pertaining to Internet security. The best form of methodology for this type of research would be to use Quantitative and Qualitative analysis as well as the use of secondary sources, as mentioned. Quantitative research was used to gain rich information, basically finding out the ‘experts opinions from the relevant areas of expertise, for the research. The qualitative research consisted of a questionnaire with open ended and some closed questions. The main aim of this questionnaire was to elaborate on the authors literature review, basically agreeing or disagreeing with the literature presented on this study. For the quantitative aspect of the research a short structured questionnaire was designed, this consisted of closed questions, which would give a statistical look to the fact-findings chapter. This questionnaire was distributed in Preston and Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Closed question questionnaires were used to obtain the awareness of the issues presented, to gain views, beliefs and attitude to these. The questionnaires were designed to ensure easy reading, therefore overcoming any confusion on the respondents behalf. Questions were explained to ensure comple te reliability in their responses 1.5Limitations and scope of Dissertation As Internet Security is a very large topic, this author has limited his research to the following: Types of businesses on the web, categorising them in several areas. Discussing threats that past authors identified. Discussing possible solutions to these threats that past authors identified. Carrying out a first hand fact-finding excersing to either agree with the literature or disagree. Setting out the key differences. Summarising the thesis and presenting the findings. 2What is the Internet and how it started The revolution in computer networking has made it possible for personal computers able to communicate with each other. This chapter is about the Internet and basically a history of its beginning. It provides a comprehensive view of literature regarding factors that promote e-commerce and aid the new era of online banking. The scale of the Internet is awesome and therefore more and more people are connecting to the net. Statistics continues to grow on a daily basis at an alarming rate. People from all walks of life, not just the scientist, teachers and computer experts use the Internet. 2.1Origins of the Internet The Internet has its roots in a network set up by the United States Department of defence in the early 1970s (Ellsworth 1994). This network (ARPANET) was a collection of four computers. By 1996 the Internet was a collection of over 50,000 networks. The methods they slowly developed included a ‘Protocol (which is a computer language) allowing dissimilar computer systems to communicate, and a method that routed data through multiple communication paths using groups of data with their own destination addresses built in packets. Prior to this technology, even with machines that were compatible, the used had physically carry magnetic tapes and insert them into another machine in order to transfer data from one computer to another. With the new technology, a computer simply has to put its data into envelope called an Internet Protocol (IP) packet, and ‘address the packet correctly to send a message on the network. The philosophy was that every computer on the network could talk to any other computer. 2.2NSF Developments In the late 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF), started expanding its own NSFNET using the technology developed by ARPANET.†(Krol 192). Five supercomputer centres at major universities were created, and connections were used for e-mail, and for transferring data and information between sites. This created a communications problem, they needed a way to connect their centres together and to allow the clients of these access. â€Å"In response, the NSF built its own network based on ARPANET Internet Protocol (IP) technology. â€Å"(Eraase 1994) it connected these centres with telephone lines. Since the telephone lines were paid for the mile, it was obvious that each university could not be connected to a supercomputing centre, due to financial constraints. They instead created regional chains of networks, with each university being connected to its neighbours, at the top of this chain there was a connection to the super computer. Eventually any computer was able to communicate with any other computer by forwarding the conversation through its neighbours. 2.3Internet Created The NSF agreed to commercial exploitation and on-line service sprang up. â€Å"CompuServe, the first of these, started in 1970 and fifteen years later claimed 3.2 million users in 20 countries. It was part owned by commercial relationships with the German group Bertelsmann and the French group Hachette† (Winston 1998). Prodigy belonged to IBM and Sears claimed 1.4 million users. His ‘World Wide Web was open for business in 1992. Meanwhile a commercial Internet Exchange had been established in 1991. Large multinational corporations have been on the Internet for years, although their access has been limited to research and engineering departments. In 1992, many of the restrictions on commercial use began to change. In fact, there are already more commercial sites on the Internet than educational and research sites combined, according to statistic, commercial addresses now comprise of 51% of the network domains. The Internet is made up of over 25,000 networks that can transfer data via many routes. However, it is near enough impossible to pin down any exact numbers concerning its size due to the fact its growth is unparalleled by any other industry. Ghosh 1998 states that the Internet has been adopted faster than any other technological development. 2.4The use of the Internet Between 1993 and 1998, more than 100 million users of the Internet were estimated, and the number of sites of the WWW has grown from 130 to 4.3 million sites. As of June 1999, the Internet users population has been placed at around 170 million people. It has been forecasted that the number users will reach 350 million by 2005 worldwide. In simple terms, the Internet allows millions of people all over the world to communicate and to share. â€Å"The Internet is the first global forum and the first global library† (Hahn and Stout 1994). Commercial businesses are the fastest growing segment of the Internet, you can gather information communicate and actually transact business on the Internet. Here are a few reasons why businesses are using the internet: E-mail is a low cost method for maintaining communication at all levels. Messages can be exchanged in minutes. E-mail is a domain for sharing information and is said to be one of the most important productivity packages around. The Internet allows businesses to be in touch with different branches and work teams at other locations. This creating a virtual community in which people are able to communicate on a daily basis. Using the Internet many organisations are able to bring a global edge to home grown businesses. For many companies, the use of the Internet creates a level playing field; smaller businesses can create an image on the network to compete with larger businesses. â€Å"Many corporations use the Internet to keep a check on the rate of emerging and new technologies, and the market response to these technologies† (Ellsworth 1994). The public information and discussion groups available on the Internet provide insight and feedback that is hard to get in any other manner. Here people from all levels of industry, exchange information on marketing research and technological developments. Having the most up-to-date information about your markets and your products allows you to keep or increase your competitive edge. In a business where the concept of getting closer to the customer prime, the internet is becoming increasingly important as well. Internet sales, where customers are sought and served on-line through Gophers and variety of virtual storefronts, are also becoming more popular. Customers can be and are sought before the sale and supported after sale. Companies are able to do actual product sales transactions on the Internet. In addition, in some cases it is possible to deliver the product via the Internet, as with software and information. Many companies have been using the Internet for the transmission of data. The major financial institutions in the world use the Internet extensively for exchanging information and files. Corporate users are now responsible for the transfer of the largest portion of data. 2.5The World Wide Web â€Å"The WWW is the newest information resources to the Internet† (Krol 1992). It is based on technology called Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML). Hypertext is a method of presenting information where selected words in the text can be expanded at any time to provide other information about the word. These words are actually links to other documents, which may be text, picture or sound format. The presentation of information on the web is much friendlier that traditional methods and the interface provides for a user -friendly environment. â€Å"The combined with the ability to use any of the Internets tools within the web has been a catalyst for the rush to get on the Internet† (Ellsworth 1994). The WWW can be defined as a global, interactive, dynamic, cross platform, distributed, graphical, hypertext information system that runs over the Internet and is available globally (Lemay 2000 Online). In the early 1990s the advent of the World Wide Web on the Internet represented the tuning point for electronic ecommerce by providing an easy to use technology solution to the problem of information publishing and dissemination. The web made electronic commerce a cheaper way of conducting business and enable more diverse business activities. The WWW infrastructure is built around the following:- Web sites: A web site is a collection of web pages maintained by a college, university, government, agency, company or individual. Web age: A web page is document on the web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and videos. Web server: A web server is a computer connected to the Internet that makes web pages available to the world. The Wold Wide Web is a dynamic structure, and due to the popularity of this new phenomenon it is expanding rapidly. The reason for it being so popular is the fact that information can be made available to anyone anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.145). What types of businesses are trading on the web Business is changing. The way we do business is changing. The electronic commerce revolution is upon us, and perhaps represents the greatest single change to the way in which business operates. Companies of all sizes are now working together to establish their position and create opportunities in this world. The Internet phenomenon has result in a major shift in the way organisations do business, and how they intend to proceed in the future. Many organisations now realise that without an e-commerce strategy they will not survive. This realisation has affected, and will continue to affect business relationship of all sizes. E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term e tailing is sometimes used. E-Commerce can be divided into: E-tailing or â€Å"Virtual Storefronts† on web sites with online catalogues, sometimes gathered into a â€Å"Virtual mall†. The gathering and use of demographic data through web contacts. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business to -business exchange of data. E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and establish customers (for example, with newsletters). Business-to-Business buying and selling. The security of business transactions. Electronic messaging technologies streamline business processes by reducing paperwork and increasing automation. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.54). E-Commerce today, is a very wide area of study due to its phenomenon growth and thus, can be described as an umbrella concept, which will continue to grow. Therefore incorporating a variety of disciplines and can be described as following path of a hierarchical structure. Recent technology has increased the capacity of e-commerce transactions, resulting in noticeable paradigms in a number of daily transactions. There are unforeseen benefits not only to businesses, but also consumers, the government and even on a global trade level. The technology that is responsible for taking e-commerce to a global stage is the Internet. There are also other factors that have affected the growth of e-commerce, for example, the availability of hardware at affordable costs, as well as the increased power and ease of use of operating systems and software. With the prices of computer hardware and network equipment falling, e-commerce is seen as one of the strategic investments in line with marketing goals of most business, to stay competitive, improve productivity and to deliver quality services. Commonly, e-commerce is associated with the buying a selling of information, products and services via computer networks. It is also known as the paperless exchange of electronic information, whether it is by electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer or other similar technologies methods. Overview of E-Commerce E-Commerce, evolved as early as the days of Alexandra Bell, followed by the launch of terrestrial television and radio communications. However recent developments in technology have increased the efficiency in commerce and have placed e-commerce under the spotlight. During the mid 20th century, the channels through e-commerce took place were telephone networks, the television and the radio. In their infancy they impressed businesses and consumers, so did EDI in the early 1970s and now at present the Internet has bought back the same feelings. Below is an illustration of a generic framework for electronic commerce (Kalakota, Whinston.1997) The figure 1 below is an illustration of the e-commerce overview. Electronic Commerce B2A B2C C2A B2B The Internet Telephone Fax The Internet Telephone Fax Cable Satellite, and Digital TV Telephone Fax The Internet including EDI, marketing, purchasing and e-mail Collaborative Work Groups EDI via Internet Telecomm uniting Electronic Funds Transfer E-Mail Video Conferencing Telephone Fax Figure 1 Types of E-commerce E-commerce covers five main categories that are listed below: Business to Business (B2B) Business within Business (BWB) Business to Administration (B2A) Consumer to Administration (C2A) Business to Consumer (B2C) These are discussed in detail in Appendix 3 titled Types of Web Traders. The introduction of e-commerce has facilitated consumer to business transactions, customers learn about products through electronic purchasing. From a consumer perspective electronic commerce facilitates for the following: Social Interaction. Electronic Commerce enables consumers to communicate with each other through electronic mail, video conferencing and news groups. Personal Finance Agreement. Use electronic means to manage personal finance and management using the online banking tools Purchasing Products and Information. Allows consumer to find online information about exiting and new products and services. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.139) The explosion in Internet traffic has created other problems. Mostly worryingly, there are continuing fears that many companies offering financial services online are not providing a secure environment to clients and customers. Purchasing on the Web The Internet and the World Wide Web have dramatically changed the way consumers seek and use information online. Whether they are shopping for Information or shopping for goods and services on-line, todays consumers must learn how to manage the resources (Kelley, B Weibke, J. 2003). Most attention on e-commerce has focused on business-to-business transactions and analysts say the surging electronic business-to-business market is about to explode. On-line purchasing systems promise to streamline operations, save time and cut the costs of businesses drowning in order processing. Most buying over the Internet focuses on indirect materials, also known as non-production goods or maintenance, repair and operations. Typically, such applications let any employee order through managed access rights, non-production supplies and service from an on-line catalogue using on a web server. They simplify the process of buying day-to-day items such as office equipments, PCs and other electrical goods to run the company. According to a recent study carried out by Forrester Research (2000) has suggested that the on-line commerce will raise form  £657 billion in 2002 and reach the figure of  £6.8 trillion in 2004. The statistics suggested that more customers are shopping day by day and revenue is increasing for on-line shoppers. The view is supported by Swazey (1999) who believes that the on-line shoppers spend more time on-line shopping than normal high streets shoppers and the amount of money spent rises with the amount of time spent on-line. The view point of Swazey (1999) is similar to Ghosh (1998) as he states that the â€Å"On-line shoppers tend to get carried away within the comfort of their own h ome†. However the above viewpoint have contrast in bearing to an article (Computer Fraud Security, Sept 2000, p.2) that seemed to suggest that although it may seems like everyone is on-line, but its not true. Internet Banking Internet Banking is no longer a novelty. Banks have long ceased being worried about trading via the web, and instead have embraced the newest delivery channel with enthusiasm. All clearing banks, including the connected building societies, now offer Internet based banking services and all will have an online current account in place. Some, including Barclays, Woolwich, Abbey National and HSBC have developed other channels of delivery including digital TV and mobile phone banking service. All e-banks promise busy current account users speed and convenience. There are no counter queues in cyberspace and e-banks are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On-line banking customers can check their balances, view recent transactions, transfers funds, set-up standing orders and direct debits and also option to pay bills on line. In the past, the banking industry was chiefly concerned with asset quality and capitalisation, if the bank was performing well along these dimensions than the banks would be profitable. Today performing well on asset quality and capitalisation is not enough. (Kalakota, Whinston.1997 p.30) The Internet is a medium that provides a new dimension and introduces much opportunity especially for banks; the main advantages are outlined as follows: Enable innovation Cost savings Increased customer base Enable mass customisation Marketing and communication Developments of non core business In a report issued by the BE Agency (2000), it states that the experts believe that the slump in high street banking due to deregulation can be revived by this new medium e-commerce, offering the potential of reviving or at least halting the decline, by raising customer service standards, increasing the choice of retail financial products, reducing the charges and giving customers a more convenient way to manage their money. It is agreed with Patterson (2000) that the banks will have to go online, his reasons being as to why banks have to adopt this new medium is â€Å"in short answer to win over new customers† it is easier to leave it at that, but also the factors he has also said that it will also promote this new medium are lower cost of account servicing, cross selling opportunities, customer relations and because they have to. Customers can now deal with their accounts personally at any time from anywhere in the word for any reason. Customers can also have the same facility to compare and contrast the products and services of a multitude of banks and choose one that meets their requirements. Knowing how safe is it to use the website an