Postmodern Literature Essay

â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths,† by taking the form of a signed statement made by the main character of the story, Dr. Yu Tsun, has a specific instance that reverts back to the past which is the technique of flashback in postmodern literature. That precise instance is when Dr. Tsun reflects on his great ancestor, Ts’ui Pen, and recalls the life of the man. More importantly, the story itself is already a flashback by virtue of its form, a signed statement, which implies that reading the ‘signed statement’ of Dr. Tsun is already a way of flashing back to his life before his death. Apparently, the flashback scene where Dr. Tsun recalls his memory of his great ancestor also indicates a ‘flashback’ within the main ‘flashback,’ which all the more signifies the postmodern character of the short story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is also a literary work with a postmodern characteristic. This can be observed from the way in which Achebe preferred not to ‘romanticize’ the story of the Nigerians by portraying the history of the Ibo tribe as flourishing while ending when the colonizers came, and is contrasted by the ‘self-destruction’ of the story’s main character, Okokwo. In sum, the downfall of the Ibo tribe has also been brought about by the self-destruction of the society’s hero aside from the harms done by the invading colonizers. Scott Momaday’s The Way to Rainy Mountain is also an example of postmodern literature because readers can hardly identify whether it is the author who is narrating his life experiences or the characters in the story who are revealing their journeys in the so-called Rainy Mountain. Thus, readers may tend to interpret Momaday’s work as a combination of the stories of his life and his people, or readers may tend to interpret the same work as the story of the characters from the eyes of the author or the story of the author from the eyes of the characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, both Primo Levi’s â€Å"Two Flags† and â€Å"Survival in Auschwitz† indicate the blurring of the character and the elements of the story. For instance, the character in â€Å"Two Flags† mentions an â€Å"umpire† in a soccer game when in fact there is no umpire in a soccer game but a referee. Quite oddly, Levi also reveals how the main character in the story died upon seeing the two flags of the nations he loved and hated respectively swaying side-by-side. On the other hand, â€Å"Survival in Auschwitz† has a climax in the opening parts of the story which tells us that the story departs from the conventional placement of the climax in stories. These elements are just some of the notable examples as to why both â€Å"Two Flags† and â€Å"Survival in Auschwitz† are also postmodern works in literature. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Anchor, 1994. Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz. New York: Touchstone, 1996. Levi, Primo. â€Å"Two Flags.†Ã‚   The Longman Anthology of World Literature. Ed. David Damorsch. Vol. F. New York: Pearson, 2004. 406-08. Momaday, N. Scott. The Way to Rainy Mountain. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1976.

Reflective Journal And Case Study Health And Social Care Essay

Our treatment last Thursday and Friday focused on the Impact of Disease on Health Care Delivery System and Health & A ; Social Care. During that clip our coach Kate gave us an activity which we will mention illustrations have disease affected those countries of wellness. Due to our disserted subject I learned that one time a disease happen get through in a community many jobs will look and needs to be solve instantly before it will acquire worst. To forestall it to go on, many administration like WHO, DOH, UNICEF etc. made actions to command it but unluckily still many jobs coming up which was all explained by the groups. Thingss like Financial Issues, Supply and Demands, Lack of Awareness and Knowledge, Skills Shortage and Poor conformity are the cited jobs in all groups that occur in a community who are affected with any sorts of disease. We come up this thought of some grounds. Why Fiscal Issues? Because medical specialties and manpower are non free which means it needs support to get by this job particularly when a big part of persons who are needed to be rendered with wellness services. Supply and Demands, still related to fiscal issues. Lack of Awareness and Knowledge, this contributes the job because if a community is deficiency of consciousness or cognition about it wellness they are really vulnerable to unwellnesss or diseases. Skills Shortage this pertains to the members of wellness attention system, it talks about how effectual are they in rendering their services, are they professional and skilled to give services in an efficient and effectual manner? ? Another subject we besides considered last hebdomad was about instance survey of Philip, that survey is really meaningful to us because its negotiations about Philips wellness and household job. That instance survey gives us information that Health consciousness is critical to a human life and we should take attention of ourselves. It besides gives thoughts to wellness practician on how to pull off a instance that has important state of affairs and demands immediate attending. Has this new cognition changed my apprehension? ( have I developed a whole new manner of seeing things ) : Knowing about the subject we tackled last hebdomad enlightened my head on the importance of caring ourselves and a community as a wellness practician. Hearing those facts make me believe that we should take attention ourselves in many ways like holding adequate cognition in wellness publicity and disease bar, regular look into up to measure our wellness position whether we are holding unwellness or non, holding healthy wont, diet and lifestyle. On the other manus besides as a wellness attention supplier it is our duty to supply wellness learning on those persons we know that needs it or even non because making this promotes wellness and gives cognition to them on avoiding any disease jobs. In add-on, we should be a function theoretical account of wellness to them because this is one of the effectual manner were they will believe our wellness instructions and use it to their egos. How will I use this cognition and apprehension in my work state of affairs? In my state of affairs, there are many instances where I can use this facts and cognition I gathered in our last hebdomad ‘s treatment. As we know, we can meet different instance of diseases in attention places both catching and non-communicable disease and we are cognizant that we ‘re susceptible to hold that diseases if we are non cognizant of it. Due to this point, safeguards necessary to forestall acquiring and spread of one disease to another and we can make it by using the things we discussed about public wellness in our workplace. In order to avoid ourselves and others from acquiring any disease we must keep making the basic things like manus rinsing after toileting/diapering, before fixing or eating nutrient, after covering a sneezing or cough, after blowing the olfactory organ, before and after handling a sore or lesion. Exploitation of proper protective vesture as a first line of defense mechanism. Learning a new subject leads to alterations in our cognition and apprehension and should besides take to alterations in ways of working. Identify any new cognition, facts or theories that I have learnt from this hebdomad ‘s instruction: Last hebdomad, We discussed all the things that are related about public wellness and itself. I found out that public wellness is a really wide subject and correlates many constituents such as wellness sector, wellness administrations, etc. I learned that Public Health is critical in assisting people to be cognizant about their wellness because it promotes good wellness, prolongs life and prevents society in acquiring any sort of diseases. It is besides a collected title for the wellness of the certain population. In airing of all the information related to wellness, there are bureaus that are responsible in data distribution. This bureaus and sectors are the 1 who takes the publicity, bar, planning, action, and execution of all the ends in sing wellness information airing. One of the most common bureaus here in United Kingdom is the National Health Service or normally called NHS. This bureau acts as a model of local administrations responsible for the health care of the community and to work with the local community to better our populations wellness and good being. There are more bureaus that acts or has a function like the NHS in relation to Public Health. On the other manus Health Organisation has a large function in footings of advancing people in wellness consciousness of the community because they are the 1 who distribute the wellness information globally such as World Health Organisation. WHO is the administration that coordinates and directs for wellness within the United Nations. WHO leads in supplying information about planetary wellness affairs. Every clip there is a new instance of disease they are the 1 that conducts the surveies on it and portion the information all over the Earth. For illustration, last hebdomad we had disserted the subject about the different infective disease ( Swine Flu, Salmonella, HIV/AIDS, Measles, Meningitis, Tuberculosis, and MRSA ) and Non-infectious Disease ( Cancer, Coronary Heart Disease, Cerebro-Vascular Accident, Obesity, Asthma ) which are the merchandises of the studios of WHO. Without WHO we cant gain entree or ignorant about these diseases. Match standards Has this new cognition changed my apprehension? ( have I developed a whole new manner of seeing things ) The subject we discussed does n't alter my understanding about Public Health. The lesson we take up last hebdomad adds information about what I know in public wellness and it makes me understand that it is really of import in constructing healthy community non merely in a certain topographic point but globally. It besides reminds me that as a wellness practician, we have besides the duty to portion what we have learned about advancing wellness and preventing diseases. Through this manner we can assist accomplish one of the Public Health end, which is the Health Awareness. How will I use this new cognition and apprehension in my work state of affairs? Like what I have said before, we can use this cognition by sharing the information about public wellness and stating them how to forestall diseases. In my state of affairs as an Health Care Assistant in a Care Home, I can portion what I have learned by stating to all my co-worker ‘s the importance of utilizing protective apparels whilst giving attention to a service user and explicating them how to do care a service user who has infective and non-infectious disease. Introduction In this assignment, for Part 1, I am traveling to mention two bureaus and named their functions in Public Health in footings of placing degree of wellness and disease in communities. I will call besides epidemiology of two diseases and look into a chart or graphical signifier of its incident rate. On other manus I will demo the Statistical Data of the two diseases and construe it establish on facts and my apprehension. In every bureau I will take two different attacks and schemes in commanding disease and look into its effectivity and after that I will do surveillance on how it improves Public Health. In this activity excessively I need to inspect current precedences to the proviso of one disease and gives illustration on how it relates between prevalence rate, its causes and the demands for wellness and societal attention services. Research In Part 2, I will make a instance survey on a given informations or on a workplace experience. Analyse its critical factors that affects single ‘s wellness so after I am traveling to set its precedences and measure its effectivity to persons good being. I will proposed every bit good changes that can better its wellness and put it in action like holding implementing runs to promote maximise their wellness. In this portion, I will explicate the function of 2 different bureaus in placing degrees of wellness and disease in communities PUBLIC HEALTH It is bettering and safeguarding well-being. Public Health is in charge for wellness safety, wellness sweetening and wellness inequalities issues in England. It is responsible moreover for determining policy, apportioning resources, co-ordinating actions and oversing advancement. Diagnose and look into wellness jeopardies and wellness jobs in the society. Assess handiness, effectivity, and quality of personal and population-based wellness services. In add-on they are the one organised community attempts in taking bar of disease and publicity of wellness. In relation of this, I select two bureaus that will partake the ends of public wellness. There are many bureaus that have of import functions in the society. I chose two bureaus which helps lend wellness consciousness and protection for any sort of diseases ; it is the Department of Health ( DOH ) and National Health Services ( NHS ) . I will exactly associate this two bureau to the two diseases I chose which is the Meningitis and Cerebrovascular Accident. Department of Health has many functions for the society. This bureau focuses on issues related to the general wellness of the people. It besides compiles statistics about wellness issues of their country. It assesses and assures hazard direction to human wellness from the environment decently. Promote and protect the wellness and health of the people within the society and community. Promote and protects the public wellness to forestall disease and unwellness. Provides research and information for the sensing, coverage, bar, and control of any diseases or wellness jeopardy that the section considers to be unsafe that likely affects the public wellness. Establish a unvarying public wellness plan throughout the community which includes uninterrupted service, employment of qualified employees, and a basic plan of disease control, critical and wellness statistics, sanitation, public wellness nursing, and other preventative heath plans necessary or desirable for the protection of public w ellness. Gather and disseminate information on causes of hurt, illness, decease, and disablement and the hazard factors that contribute to the causes of hurt, illness, decease, and disablement within the society for their consciousness. Implement plans and runs necessary or desirable for the publicity or protection of the public wellness to cut down and command the disease. DOH develops strategic attacks for current wellness hazards. Establish hazard analysis model and care of hazard criterions. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.le.utah.gov/interim/2005/pdf/00000306 National Health Services is a publically funded health care systems in United Kingdom, this bureau concentrate on keeping people ‘s wellness and wellbeing. This bureau is responsible for presenting quality and effectual wellness service to humanity. They besides contribute just entree to everyone in relation to people ‘s demand. They are responsible for doing payments to independent primary attention contractors such as GPs, dentists, lens makers and druggists in rendering their services to all people who needs it. It provides different caring services such as Emergency Respite Care, where attention is provided if an person ; are unable to carry through your caring duties due to unanticipated fortunes, such as illness.A Domiciliary Care, where person comes into your place and takes over some of your duties for a few hours.A Day attention Centre, where the individual you care for spends clip at a Centre whilst you have a few trim hours to yourself. There are more services rendered by the NHS which develop societies wellness hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/36D1CF8D85714DBECA25720D001F6860/ $ File/quaat3.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/newnhs/wpaper8.htm In this portion, I will look into the epidemiology of two diseases in graph format and demo my apprehension and reading of the given informations: Meningitis is an infection of the meninxs, protective membranes that surround the encephalon and spinal cord. Infection can do the meningesA to go inflamed and crestless wave, which can damage the nervousnesss and encephalon. This can do symptoms such as a terrible concern, purging, high febrility, stiff cervix and sensitiveness to visible radiation. Many people ( but non all ) besides develop a typical tegument roseola. Symptoms can differ in immature kids and babes. See the â€Å" symptoms † subdivision for more information. Meningitis can be caused by: bacteriums, such as streptococci pneumoniae, the bacteriums besides responsible for pneumonia, which normally live harmlessly in your oral cavity and pharynx, and viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus. Viral meningitis Viral meningitis is the most common and less serious type of meningitis. There are about 3,000 instances of viral meningitis reported in England and Wales every twelvemonth, but experts believe the true figure is much higher. This is because in many instances of viral meningitis the symptoms are so mild that they can frequently be mistaken for grippe. Viral meningitis is most common in immature kids and babes, particularly in babes less than one twelvemonth old. Viral meningitis normally gets better by itself within a twosome of hebdomads, without the demand for specific intervention. Bacterial meningitis Bacterial meningitis is highly serious and should be treated as a medical exigency. If the bacterial infection is left untreated, it can do terrible harm to the encephalon and infect the blood ( blood poisoning ) , taking to decease. Treatment requires a transportation to an intensive attention unit so the organic structure ‘s maps can be supported whilst antibiotics are used to contend the infection. There are about 2,000 instances of bacterial meningitis in England and Wales every twelvemonth. The figure of instances has dropped aggressively in recent old ages due to a successful inoculation programme that protects against many of the bacteriums that can do meningitis. The intervention for bacterial meningitis has improved greatly. Several decennaries ago, about all people with bacterial meningitis would decease, even if they received prompt intervention. Now deaths occur inA one in 10 instances, normally as a consequence of a hold in intervention. Bacterial meningitis is most common in kids and babes under the age of three, and in adolescents and immature people aged 15-24. The best manner to forestall meningitis is to guarantee that your household ‘s inoculations are up to day of the month. Stroke ( cerebrovascular accident ) A shot happens when the blood supply to the encephalon is disturbed in some manner. As a consequence, encephalon cells are starved of O. This causes some cells to decease and leaves other cells damaged. Types of shot Most shots happen when a blood coagulum blocks one of the arterias ( blood vass ) that carries blood to the encephalon. This type of shot is called an ischemic shot. Transeunt ischaemic onslaught ( TIA ) or ‘mini-stroke ‘ is a short-run shot that lasts for less than 24 hours. The O supply to the encephalon is rapidly restored and symptoms disappear. A transeunt shot demands prompt medical attending because it indicates a serious hazard of a major shot. Cerebral thrombosis is when a blood coagulum ( thrombus ) signifiers in an arteria that supplies blood to the encephalon. Blood vass that are furred up with fatty sedimentations ( atheroma ) make a obstruction more likely. The coagulum prevents blood fluxing to the encephalon and cells are starved of O. Cerebral intercalation is a blood coagulum that signifiers elsewhere in the organic structure before going through the blood vass and lodging in the encephalon. In the encephalon, it starve cells of O. An irregular pulse or recent bosom onslaught may do you prone to organizing blood coagulums. Cerebral bleeding is when a blood vas explosions inside the encephalon and bleeds ( bleedings ) . With a bleeding, blood seeps into the encephalon tissue and causes excess harm. ( 2009 ) ( Meningitis ) . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Meningitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx. [ Accessed Feb. 24, 2010 ] These are the graphs demoing the rates of Meningitis and Cardiovascular Accident here in United Kingdom. Beginning: PHLS Meningococcal Reference Unit Disease Trends Group B- unvaccinated Meningococcal serogroup C Group C- vaccinated with Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccinum ( MCC ) Others Ungroup This graph tabular array shows the effectivity of meningococcal conjugate vaccinum from 1998 – 2007. As we have seen in the figure, the instance reduces every twelvemonth particularly to those who have taken the vaccinum. It besides shows the successful phased debut of the meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccinum ( MCC ) in 1999 into the National Immunisation Programme in the UK. This graph tells besides that the unsusceptibility to Meningitis C has been identified in age groups who have non been vaccinated, as bacteria passenger car rates are reduced across the population. We can see besides in this tabular array that those who did n't take meningococcal vaccinum were greatly affectional by Meningitis. Beginning: NOIDS England & A ; Wales Final Midi Report for 2005 ( Table 3 – Concluding sums for 2005 by sex and age-group ) Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis and Septicaemia by Age Group In this tabular array, we could reason that ages under 1-4 old ages old was greatly affected by meningitis as we have seen in the extremums of the graph and 0-11 months was greatly affected by the Pneumococcal and Meningococcal disease. And the same ‘peaks ‘ in the figure of presentments for the ‘under 4 old ages ‘ and '15-24 ‘ age groups can besides be seen with meningococcal blood poisoning. Beginning: NOIDS England & A ; Wales Final Midi Report for 2005 ( Table 3 – Concluding sums for 2005 by sex and age-group ) Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis ( without Septicaemia ) by Age Group This graph shows the high figure of presentments of meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis ( without blood poisoning ) in England and Wales. Detecting this graph will observe us that the instances in 2005, age group that is 1 twelvemonth of age are greatly affected with Meningococcal Meningitis and Pneumococcal Meningitis and 15 to 24 old ages of age were averagely affected with the certain disease. It besides illustrates us that among the group instances ‘under 1 twelvemonth of age ‘ gets the highest extremum in holding Pneumococcal disease. It is besides interesting to observe that the pneumococcal meningitis extremums once more in the older age groups ( 45-64 and 65+ ) . Top of Form Bottom of Form This graph shows all the per centums of all six classs are sing shot. Figures for males are in dark grey bars and informations for females are in light grey bars, with the figure of patients in each age class shown above each saloon. All informations are patients who are sing shot or CVA. As we observed in the graph the age group from 30 to & lt ; 40 of males has the highest rate of sing shot and in female is the age group whilst 50 to & lt ; 60 is the extreme gait of age for females. 20 to & lt ; 30 and 40 to & lt ; 50 has the same rate in sing this disease. In female 30 to & lt ; 40 and 50 to & lt ; 60 is about same to each other holding this disease. This illustration shows the Incidence Rate of shot in United States and United Kingdom. Detailss are articulated as individual per twelvemonth holding shot in 7 age classs. Individual sing shots, person-years of followup was defined as the figure of old ages from birth to the day of the month for first recorded shot. For single without shots, person-years of followup were defined as the last available follow-up day of the month during the natural history period. Stroke incidence rates are revealed in informations chart beneath the graph. As you see the informations it ‘s really clear that a UK male has the highest incidence rates. UK Females, US Males and US Females are largely like has the same incidence rate in happening of CVA. In this portion, I will take at least two attacks and schemes that control the incidence of one disease and analyze its effectivity: As bar of these diseases and to diminish its rate Department of Health and National Health Services brand schemes and run to achieve their ends. Department of Health formulate the â€Å" Meningitis C Campaign â€Å" the intent of the this run was to immunize every bit many as possible of the state ‘s 15 million immature people and kids aged under the age of 18 old ages in as short a clip as possible, immunizing those most at hazard of disease foremost. Transporting out of the programme was made harmonizing to the hazard of disease-those at extreme hazard being immunised foremost. In November 1999, National Childhood Programme introduces the everyday immunization of vaccinum at the ages of two, three and four months – alongside the DTP, Hib and infantile paralysis vaccinums and in December 1999 stripling that ages 15 and 17 was besides immunised. As a consequence of the run there are around 13 million kids have immunised during the first twelvemonth through the aid of general practicians, nurses, immunization coordinators and many other wellness professional. This was prosecuting by a widespread draw aboard programme to immunize all other kids and adolescents up to the age of 18 old ages in 2000/2001.A After that the vaccinum was made accessible to anyone up to 25 old ages. National Health Services contributed besides a meningitis bar plan here in United Kingdom. The â€Å" Campaign to advance new Vaccine against Meningitis † , this plan encouraged all parents to immunize their kids against pneumococcal disease which is the causative agent of meningitis. General Practitioners has the large function of this run because they are the who will catch-up the run for the kids ages 0 – 2 old ages who is get downing their immunizations. This plan was imposed by Health Minister Dr. Brian Gibbons. He states that: â€Å" Immunization is the best manner to protect kids from serious disease and the everyday childhood programme has been highly effectual in accomplishing this. The alterations will farther better the programme and benefit kids. This new vaccinum will assist salvage lives and prevent 100s more instances of serious unwellness such as meningitis and pneumonia. † To maximize the defense mechanism against Meningitis C and Hib disease NHS made two alterations in the everyday plan. The present three doses of Meningitis C vaccinum will be respaced at three and four months of age with a supporter shooting at 12 months. Most up-to-date cogent evidence shows that the protection offered by this vaccinum declines one twelvemonth after inoculation. To maximize the protection in the first two old ages of life when the hazard of infection is high, we will urge doses at three and four months of age and a supporter dosage at 12 months. A supporter shooting of Hib vaccinum will be given at 12 months. In 1992 Hib vaccinum was introduced and is soon given to kids at two, three and four months of age. Since 1999, there was a little but slow addition in the figure of instances in older kids being reported. Again, because of this Meningitis bar plan, the disease declined over clip. There was a Hib supporter run happened in 2003. This dosage was given to older kids to maximize their unsusceptibility. This upturned the little addition in infections that had started to happen. A supporter dosage of Hib vaccinum is being added to the childhood immunization programme as a modus operandi at 12 months to widen protection against Hib disease. The new everyday inoculation agenda is as follows: 2 months DTaP/IPV/Hib + pneumococcal vaccinum 3 months DTaP/IPV/Hib + MenC vaccinum 4 months DTaP/IPV/Hib + MenC + pneumococcal vaccinum 12 months Hib/Men C 13 months MMR + pneumococcal vaccinum DTaP/IPV/Hib is a individual injection that protects against diphtheria, lockjaw, whooping cough, infantile paralysis and Hib. MenC protects against meningitis C Hib/ MenC is a combined vaccinum protecting against Hib and Meningitis C ( 2009 ) ( Campaign to advance new Vaccine against Meningitis ) available from www.immunisation.nhs.uk. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] Due to this run the rate of meningococcal infection has fallen every twelvemonth since, and the instances of laboratory-confirmed group C meningococcal disease across all age groups immunised has go down by 90 % since the vaccinum was implemented. In 2003/04, there were merely 65 instances reported and 8 deceases. There was even a good consequence in those who were non immunised with a decrease of approximately 70 % , urging that the vaccinum has had a community protection consequence. In fact the run has been so successful that meningitis C disease now accounts for less than 10 % of meningococcal meningitis instances. Even though the run made a great success still the wellness functionaries and medical professionals need to stay cautious. ( 2010 ) ( Meningitis C Campaign ) available from hypertext transfer protocol: //webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] . For Cardiovascular Accident bar, Department of Health formulated new schemes to fall its rate. They formulated the Stroke: Act F.A.S.T. consciousness run ; F.A.S.T means Face, Arm, Speech, and Time. The Stroke: Act F.A.S.T. consciousness run aims to learn all wellness related professionals and the community on the marks of shot and that prompt exigency intervention can cut down the hazard of decease and disablement. The run will advise the community about F.A.S.T. to name 999. F.A.S.T is a simple scrutiny to assist people to place the marks of shot and be cognizant of the importance of fast exigency direction. Campaign adverts, on Television, wireless, cyberspace and circulars, illustrate stroke ‘spreading like fire in the encephalon ‘ to show that fast exigency action can restrict harm and radically raise a individual ‘s chance of lasting and of avoiding long-run disablement. ( 2010 ) ( Stroke: Act F.A.S.T. consciousness run ) available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] If Department of Health has its run towards CVA, National Health Services provide besides a plan to decrease its incidence rate ; The National Stroke Awareness Campaign. This run is related to F.A.S.T were NHS implemented that all paramedics should cognize how to measure a individual utilizing F.A.S.T before directing them to hospital. They besides made a Stroke Association who will back up this run. This sort of charity is entirely concerned with contending shot towards people in all ages. The charity resources research into bar, intervention, better methods of rehabilitation and facilitates stroke patients and their households straight through its Rehabilitation and Support Services which include Communication Support, Family and Carer Support, information services, public assistance grants, publications and cusps. In this portion, I will look into current precedences and attacks to the proviso of heath services for people with one disease: Treating Meningitis is non easy thing to make because this disease has assorted types, viral and bacterial meningitis. There is no intervention for Viral Meningitis. The immune system, will make antibodies to eliminate the virus. Until it is known that a kid has viral, non bacterial meningitis, he or she will be admitted to the infirmary. But one time the determination of viral meningitis is complete, antibiotics are stopped, and a kid who is recovering satisfactorily will be sent place. Simply acetaminophen must be given to decrease febrilities. Clear fluids and a bland diet including preferable nutrients should be offered. During recovery, a kid desires rest in a glooming, quiet room. Bright visible radiations, noise and invitees may annoy a kid with meningitis. Increased anxiousness on the encephalon from build-up of fluid in the meninxs is a terrible job. ( 2010 ) ( Viral Meningitis ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthscout.com. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ) For Bacterial Meningitis may turn out fatal within hours. Patients with suspected acute bacterial meningitis should be instantly admitted to the infirmary and assessed for whether LP ( lichen planus ) is clinically safe. Disinfectants should be given rapidly. If LP is tardily because a CT scan is indispensable, antibiotic action should be started before the scan and after blood samples have been attained for civilization. When the exact being is recognized and consequences of susceptiblenesss are known, intervention can be customized consequently. After the diagnosing has been confirmed ( by and large within 12-48 hours of admittance to the infirmary ) , the patient ‘s antimicrobic therapy can be modified harmonizing to the causative being and its susceptiblenesss. Supportive therapy, such as unstable replacing, should be continued. Dexamethasone should be continued for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitides. S pneumoniae ( continuance of therapy 10-14 yearss ) Penicillin susceptible ( minimal inhibitory concentration [ MIC ] & lt ; 0.1 microgram/mL ) : Principen or penicillin G Penicillin intermediate ( MIC = 0.1-1.0 microgram/mL ) : Claforan or Rocephin Penicillin resistant ( MIC a†°?2.0 microgram/mL ) or cephalosporin-resistant ( MIC a†°?1.0 microgram/mL ) : Vancocin AND Claforan or Rocephin. H influenzae ( continuance of therapy 10-14 yearss ) Beta-lactamase-negative: Principen Beta-lactamase-positive: Claforan or Rocephin. Streptococcus agalactiae ( group B streptococcus ) ( continuance of therapy 14-21 yearss ) Gentamicin AND Principen or penicillin G. Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae: ( continuance of therapy 21-28 yearss ) Gentamicin AND Claforan or Rocephin. Listeria monocytogenes ( continuance of therapy 21-28 yearss ) Gentamicin AND Principen or penicillin G. Staphylococcus aureus ( continuance of therapy depends on microbiological response of CSF and underlying unwellness of the patient ) Methicillin susceptible: Nafcil or oxacillin Methicillin resistant: Vancocin. Staphylococcus epidermidis ( continuance of therapy depends on microbiological response of CSF and underlying unwellness of the patient ) Vancomycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( continuance of therapy 21 yearss ) Ceftazidime and Garamycin. Enterococcus species ( continuance of therapy 21 yearss ) Ampicillin and Garamycin. Acinetobacter species ( continuance of therapy 21 yearss ) Gentamicin and meropenem. N meningitides ( continuance of therapy 5-7 yearss ) Penicillin susceptible ( MIC & lt ; 0.1 microgram/mL ) : Principen or penicillin G Penicillin intermediate ( MIC = 0.1-1.0 microgram/mL ) : Claforan or Rocephin. ( 2010 ) ( Bacterial Meningitis ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //bestpractice.bmj.com. [ Accessed February 24, 2010 ] In this portion, I will explicate by giving illustrations, the relationship between the prevalence of one disease, its causes and the demands for wellness and societal attention services: Nowadays United Kingdom is still cautious about Meningitis even though the incidence rate is already diminishing radically. To be safe, wellness administration are prioritizing adult females and kids ‘s wellness. They develop a guideline which suggest about direction of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning in kids. There are stakeholders furthermore helped in heightening the range of this undertaking and after the assignment of the guideline development group, they will do a series of inquiries all approximately clinical importance that covers the guideline of the range which includes diagnosing of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning, direction of suspected bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning in primary attention and the in the pre-hospital scene, direction of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal blood poisoning in secondary attention, retrieval and transportation to secondary and third attention, pick and timing of probes, information that should be given to parents and carers. Beginning: NOIDS England & A ; Wales Final Midi Report for 2005 ( Table 3 – Concluding sums for 2005 by sex and age-group ) Beginning: PHLS Meningococcal Reference Unit Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis ( without Septicaemia ) by Age Group This two graph shows the high figure of presentments of meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis ( without blood poisoning ) instances in the ‘less than 4 old ages ‘ and '15-24 old ages ‘ age groups. It besides illustrates that instance within the ‘less than 4 old ages ‘ age group extremum at ‘less than 1 old ages ‘ . It is besides interesting to observe that the pneumococcal meningitis extremums once more in the older age groups ( 45-64 and 65+ ) . As what you can see here in the prevalence rate of bacterial meningitis ( without blood poisoning ) , it is really clear that the largely affected with this disease is the Serogroup Group B, it has the highest rate with 88 % above the 4 class.AConfirmed meningococcal infections by part hebdomads 2008-49 to 2009-02ASerogroup B Other serogroups Sum confirmed instances East Midlands 17–17 Eastern 26 2 28 London 23 3 26 North East 14 2 16 North West 52 4 56 South & A ; West 27 4 31 South East 26 1 27 West Midlands 32 8 40 Yorkshire & A ; Humberside 35 6 41 Entire 252 30 282 A Meningococcal serogroup B infections in England A clear addition in studies of Neisseria meningitides serogroup B infections has been observed during December 2008 and early January 2009. The figure of instances reported during December and early January ( hebdomad 2008-49 to hebdomad 2009-02 ) , nevertheless, is well higher ( 252 ) than the same period during any of the old three old ages ( 198, 142, and 191 ) . Cases are disseminated across England. The probationary sum figure of meningococcal serogroup B infections all through 2008 was 1070, similar to the one-year sums for 2007 ( 1076 ) and 2006 ( 1011 ) . Lab confirmed instances of meningococcal disease: England and Wales, five-weekly moving norms, 1997 to 2009 By and large the figure of confirmed meningococcal instances remains low down with lone 1194 confirmed instances in 2008, lower than 2007 ( 1256 ) and go oning the overall descending tendency since 1999/2000. A chief engagement to the overall decrease has been the sustained autumn in serogroup C instances following the debut of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccinum in 1999. Merely 22 instances of serogroup C infection were confirmed last twelvemonth, compared to 989 instances in 1999. Serogroup B infections have in the past shown perennial fluctuations, frequently linked to the flow of precise strains. The encouragement observed during December 2008 and early January 2009 appears to be connected with a scope of serogroup B being. ( 2010 ) ( Health Protection Report ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpa.org.uk. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] This graph every bit good shows that the Public Health in this clip does n't hold adequate any cognition about the disease and unable to handle those affected with the unwellness. Due to this ground wellness administration that is related with this job requires to carry on more survey and research on how to bring around or handle non merely the class above that has the highest rate of this disease and prone to hold more mortality and morbidity rate but all of all class that is affected with the disease. They need besides to make more runs, schemes and attacks to contend with it, this so called provisioning. Health attention system should maintain an oculus to this disease to follow community ‘s demands. This is a challenge for them to do and pull off clinical services more dependable to all persons. Health attention purveying cardinal must turn to both efficiency and fulfillment to all persons. In this portion, I will analyze the impact of two current lifestyle picks on futute demands for wellness and societal attention services: Every person can take their ain life style but unluckily some of them do n't cognize what its consequence on their wellness, some every bit good knows its bad effects but they ‘re maintaining making it because they tend to ground out that it is connected to their life and they ca n't populate without it. Like in my assignment Cerebral Vascular Accident, this disease can be related on our life style for illustration Substance Abuse, imbibing excessively much intoxicant increases the hazard CVA, imbibing excessively much intoxicant can raise blood force per unit area because it makes our blood syrupy, that may do bosom failure and it will take to stroke. It raises besides our organic structure ‘s triglycerides that may bring forth irregular pulses. It besides contributes to fleshiness which means if a individual is corpulent they are more possible to hold shot. The hazard of bosom disease in people who drink moderate sums of intoxicant is lower that non-drinkers. Normally a person can merely hold 1-1/2 fluid ounces ( fl oz ) of 80-proof liquors ( such as Bourbon, Scotch, vodka, gin, etc. ) , 1 fl oz of 100-proof liquors, 4 fl oz of vino, or 12 fl oz of beer or intoxicant to hold healthy imbibing life style. Another life style that may take person to the demand of societal service in the hereafter that is related in shot is Excessive Cigarette Smoking. Cigarette Smoking is widespread and important as a hazard factor that the general sawbones has called it â€Å" the taking preventable cause of disease and deceases. † Cigarette smoke increases the hazard of coronary bosom disease by itself. When it acts with other factors, it greatly increases hazard. Smoking additions blood force per unit area, decreases exercising tolerance and increases the inclination for blood to coagulate that ‘s why it can do intellectual vascular accident. The nicotine and C monoxide in coffin nail fume harm the cardiovascular system in many ways which contributes the intellectual vascular accident to go on. Smoking besides increases the hazard of perennial coronary bosom disease after beltway surgery because as we have know that smoking can do our blood syrupy and of this there is a large possibility that the stent that was putted in affected vas will be removed and may do more obstruction. Cigarette smoke is the most of import hazard factor for immature work forces and adult females particularly nowadays bush leagues smoke coffin nail and overdo it. It besides produces a greater comparative hazard in individuals under age 50 than in those over 50.Women who smoke and use unwritten preventives greatly increase their hazard of coronary bosom disease and shot compared with non-smoking adult females who use unwritten preventives. Smoking lessenings High Density Lipoproteins ( good cholesterin. ) Cigarette smoke combined with a household history of bosom disease besides seems to greatly increase the hazard. ( 2010 ) ( Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] In this portion, I will look into the scope of services required to back up persons affected by one disease in a local community: Meningitis causes widespread dismay in all communities. To back up community in combating with Meningitis Public Health squad including Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre ( CCDC ) , Consultants in Public Health Medicine ( CPHM ) , Advance Health Optics ( AMO ) provides a 24 hr helpline all over United Kingdom because Department of Health put Meningitis as one of the most feared unwellness by parents and 2nd highest incidence rate in Europe. Due to this outbreak Meningitis Research Foundation works straight with Public Health Teams this is to guarantee that people have full and accurate information without doing unneeded frights with this disease. They besides made a cusp titled â€Å" Meningococcal Meningitis and Septicaemia – Am I at Hazard? † to inform the community and go cognizant with it. The purpose of this cusp is to still baseless frights about meningococcal disease by assisting people understand the degree of hazard, and replying often asked inquiries about the diseases ; and clearly illustrates the different symptoms of meningitis and blood poisoning, the roseolas of meningococcal disease and the tumbler trial. Americium I at Risk was developed through audience with CCDCs and CPHMs every bit good as baby doctors and representatives of the Department of Health, The Royal College of General Practitioners, The British Medical Association and the Office for Health Gain. Many public wellness physicians routinely include this cusp with letters that are sent place to parents when covering with a instance in a school or baby's room. For many parents, the messages about degrees of hazard and the reassurance of holding symptoms information stopping point to manus aid to still their frights. 24 helpline is a helpline where community can name anytime ; it is operated by trained and qualified staff nurse to talk to companies who needs information about this disease and to those who has inquiries about disease dark and twenty-four hours. This will supply every bit good information for people concerned about meningitis and blood poisoning. ( 2010 ) ( Public Health Teams ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.meningitis.org/health-professionals. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] CASE STUDY In this portion of the assignment I will now discourse a instance survey sing sexually transmitted disease among adolescents. The instance survey as it follows: â€Å" Sandy Jones is 19 old ages old and has been seeing her fellow for 6 months. They are now sexually active. She has made an assignment with her GP because she has developed marks of a sexually transmitted disease which has been confirmed following probe ( the populace issue you need to see is sexually familial diseases ) † In this instance we need to propose Sandy Jones to hold an assignment to her general practician and discussed its job for her safety. She needs besides wellness learning a demand to be informed that she can convey the disease she carries, stating this to her can forestall the disease to distribute. Discoursing her job to her GP prevent besides future jobs and lucky to her because she ‘s cognizant that she acquired sexually transmitted disease because some STD ‘s has no symptoms and being non cognizant of it will take to major wellness jobs such as non being able to acquire pregnant ( sterility ) , lasting encephalon harm, bosom disease, malignant neoplastic disease, and even decease. That ‘s why, if we think you have been exposed to a sexually familial disease, you and your sex spouse ( s ) should see a wellness clinic, infirmary or physician for proving and intervention. We need besides to prioritise her demands ; we know that she ‘s sexually active so sex is the 1st precedence because based on Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Need this belongs to physiologic demands. This is why we need to her to learn about sex and how to do it in safety manner. 2nd ( safety and security ) is her safety which I already discussed above. Third one ( love and belongingness ) is her emotional demands, based on her instance she does n't hold household or any relations to speak with her jobs and she does n't hold parents to steer her. Fourth ( self-pride ) , we need to put her instance on private because her instance may diminish her repute if anybody will cognize about her position and the last ( self-actualisation ) , to hold this one she needs to be mature and cognize all the consequences of her action but there still should be a counsel for her. ( 2010 ) ( Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ) available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm. [ Accessed at February 24, 2010 ] In this portion, I will critically measure the effectivity of schemes, systems, and policies in the scene for maximising the well being persons: There are plentifulness of plans that are related about sex, sex instruction and its effects that the United Kingdom authorities provided and implemented already. One of this and the most common is â€Å" Sex Education that Works † this plan from the authorities aims to educated adolescents about sex. It is besides a procedure of obtaining informations, organizing attitudes and beliefs towards sex, sexual individuality, familiarity and relationship. Sexual activity instruction is besides about budding immature people ‘s abilities that they formulate informed picks about their manners, and think positive and adept about moving on these picks. It is by and large accepted that immature people have a right to arouse instruction. â€Å" Teacher Training † , Good pre-service and in-service is indispensable for instructors if course of study on sexual and generative wellness, including HIV/AIDS, are to be effective.A Such preparation nowadayss many challenges but is indispensable to assist immature people learn more about their gender and how to avoid unplanned gestation and sexually familial infections. In most schools, sexual and generative wellness instruction consists of didactic talks about basic anatomy and physiology. This is barely surprising, because most preparation plans fail to fix future instructors of sexual and generative wellness to learn the topic efficaciously. As a consequence, many instructors complete their preparation with critical spreads in their cognition of generative wellness. Some have judgmental attitudes or spiritual, legal or moral expostulations to learning immature people about sex, contraceptive method, or rubber usage. Others feel uncomfortable speaking about such topics or utilizing the synergistic instruction methods that appear to be most effectual in advancing healthy sexual behavior. When they move to the schoolroom, these instructors are frequently expected to utilize teaching stuffs that omit cardinal information and promote the â€Å" chalk and talk † attack. Research has shown that widespread sex instruction benefits immature grownups significantly. These plans support adolescents deal with equal force per unit area and educate them the art of communicating and dialogue. It assists them with absorbing self-assured accomplishments, indispensable in their traffics with equals.

General Sociology – Code of the Streets

In the article â€Å"The Code of the Street† by Elijah Anderson, he allows a glimpse of everyday life through the eyes of two completely different worlds wrapped up within one universe. He compares street families to what he refers to as â€Å"decent families†. Although the meaning can take on different perceptions to the eye of the beholder, the author described it as a code of civility at one end of conduct regulated by the threat of violence.Within these most economically drugged, crime-related, and depressing neighborhoods, the rules of civil action have been severely weakened, and their stead of survival known as this â€Å"code of the street† often holds many their key to survival. The book Essentials of sociology gives four different theories on why crime exists, they are the functionalist theory, the internationalist theory, conflict theory, and control theory. The theory I believe best relates to Andersons article is the internationalist theory.The autho r presented only two groups of people which categorized their existence within the social contest among individuals and families of the neighborhood, the â€Å"decent† and the â€Å"street. † I thought that they were kind of broad terms and that maybe they shouldn’t necessarily be â€Å"categorized† but they should be more of a description of people. Because there can be many â€Å"decent† people and they can still know the street. The internationalist theory basically implies that crime is learned from the things you observe in life and your interactions with people around you.The first place Anderson says people in impoverished areas learn crime is at a young age from the family. Children are always influence by their parents and Anderson says â€Å"those street oriented adults with whom children come in contact with including mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, boyfriends, cousins, neighbors, and friends-help them in forming this understanding by verbalizing the messages they are getting through experience: â€Å"watch your back. † â€Å"Protect yourself. † â€Å"Don’t punk out. † â€Å"If someone messes with you got to pay them back. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"If someone dishes you got to straighten them out.† many parents actually impose sanctions if a child is not sufficiently aggressive. † This shows that children can even be punished for not being aggressive enough, so they will have a tendency to be more violent and commit more crime Street families are overwhelmed with the demands of parenting which means kids to have to be able to take care of themselves more which leads to a dependence on the code of the streets and Anderson says† families, who are more fully invested in the code of the streets than the decent people are, may aggressively socialize their children into it.†This means children are taught to be aggressive from a young age so they can better take care of thems elves and survive in their environment. Another example Anderson gives of children growing up around violence in poorer areas is many parents have financial problems caused by drug use which causes more violence and exposes the child to more crime. Another place Anderson says children are exposed to crime is in the streets. He says, â€Å"Realities of inner city life are largely absorbed on the streets.†One reason Anderson says children gravitate towards being in the streets is a lack of supervision at home or a home environment not fit for children. He notes that the children who hang out in the street are allowed to â€Å"rip and run up and down the street† which shows that from a young age these children are being taught they can do anything they want, and in poorer areas it only takes a matter of time before they start getting involved in crime.Also many kids may not be looking to commit any crimes but because they hang-out in the street they are perceived as crimi nals, and the eventually except the label and actually start committing crime. This concept is known as the labeling theory. It shows that it is not the act of being in the street that causes crime it is the way people react to people being in the streets that cause them to commit crimes. Another aspect of life children in poorer areas observe and emulate is respect and reputation.When you don’t have many physical possession ones reputation is seen as all that one has. Anderson talks about how from a young age that a child â€Å" to maintain his honor he must show he is not someone to be â€Å"messed with† or â€Å"diced† the article also talks about how in urban societies â€Å"it is a basic requirement to show a certain disposition to violence† meaning in order to keep up with you reputation you must show that you can be violent and commit crime, and if this is the way the majority of people living in these areas think there is no wonder there is so mu ch crime.The last reason Anderson gives that I believe gives children the impression they must commit crimes if they live in poor areas is the areas they live in themselves. They are poorer areas so living is already a struggle, and kids see that crime is an easy way to get a lot for a little; they can rob someone in two seconds and have money to eat with. An example Anderson gives of this state of mind is â€Å"a boy wearing a fashionable, expensive jacket, for example is vulnerable to attack by another who covets the jacket, and either can’t afford to buy one or wants the added satisfaction of depriving someone else.†Anderson also mentions how sometimes in these neighborhoods police won’t even show p and when kids see that there neighborhood is too dangerous for police it is easier to say I will become a part of it instead of becoming a victim. In conclusion I believe that the internationalist theory best describes Andersons article â€Å"The Code of the Stre ets† and like it says in the book deviance is learned through interaction with others. Crime in particular is learned through experiences growing up at home, hanging out in the streets, trying to gain reputation, and experiences and interaction with where you live and the community you live in.

Mechanical cavopulmonary assist device cage for Fontan patients Research Paper

Mechanical cavopulmonary assist device cage for Fontan patients - Research Paper Example Smaller size of the filaments limits the structural support ability of the protective cage while large sizes of the filaments decreases the hydrodynamic properties of the design while increasing the pressure. The size of the filament thickness is however subject to change based on computational test results. The number of filaments is proposed to be five, not the same as the number of impeller blades, in order to shun resonance and vibration of the system. The protective cage offers protection to the vessel from the rotating components through its radial arrangements of the filaments. The elliptical design of the protective cage of filaments not only presents hydrodynamic characteristics but also provides space efficiency. The angle designs of the blades helps in space conservation given that a number of the blades can be fitted within the pump for maximum functionality. This helps in minimizing the size of the pump to ensure it properly fits within the blood vessel. The pump is characterised with diffuser blades, which are located on the protective filament cage. A shift in the flow directionality aids the diffuser blades to convert the rotational force produced by the impellor to potential energy. A motor-magnetic bearing suspension is used to induce the pump rotation. The proposed design will aim to achieve this through the levitation and rotation of the impellor within the protective filament cage (Throckmorton et al., 2010). The protective cage of filaments is designed with five elliptically shaped filaments. The proposal aims at modifying the design to serve both protective and design functions at the same time. The shape of the protective cage filaments serves significant role in stabilizing the impeller blades radially and axially in addition to acting as a barrier in the protection of the vessel from the rotating impeller blades. The unique elliptical design shape of the filaments plays a vital role in maximizing energy production from impeller while

Unionization in South Korea and Feminization of Labor in Indonesia Essay

Unionization in South Korea and Feminization of Labor in Indonesia During the Process of Capitalist Development - Essay Example This essay stresses that caraway argues the export oriented industrialization in Indonesia resulted in the feminization of labor in the country with female employees being used in labor intensive industries. Capitalist development in Indonesia resulted in the production of industries whose aim was to reduce costs of production while maintaining higher profit margins. Caraway perceives feminization of labor in Indonesia as being the result of popular perception that female employees were â€Å"patient, disciplined, and diligent†. This paper makes a conclusion that the class struggles due to buildup of tension between workers and the owners of factors of production are evident in the situation happening in South Korea. The continued frustration of workers through measure that limit their participation in negotiation for improved working conditions has historically been a ground for tension between the workers and corporations which are supported by the government. Just as Marx envisioned, the exploitation of workers provides a ground for revolution to remove the ruling class that supports exploitation of workers by the corporation. The KCTU in South Korea has been able to challenge the dominance of state favored FKTU over the years. Coming from a period when independent labor union had been banned, KCTU has achieved a lot in the country’s labor relations as it has gain the legal status to represents it members.

Sustainable life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable life - Essay Example I should use low energy appliances in my home. I should make use of empty containers instead of throwing them in the dustbins. I should do wise shopping. I should reserve a bag for carrying things. Whenever I go shopping, the bag should be with me and I should put everything in that bag instead of plastic bags. Long story short, I have to make sure that nothing gets wasted. 3. Principal challenges that hinder the tendency of cities to become sustainable are the citizens’ huge reliance on the depleting natural resources. The biggest challenge in front of government is to improve the standard of living of the poor population in the urban areas. As the population in a city increases and its economy strengthens because of growing businesses, so do the complexity of management of these cities and administration of business. 4. Oil is America’s biggest problem. In order for US to become sustainable, it is imperative that all efforts are focused at minimizing consumption of oi l. Alternative energy sources like wind and solar energy should be used. In order to make US sustainable, cities should be made more compact.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

International marketing - Essay Example The process of international marketing engages targeting of the consumers for a particular product in the international market, approaches to enter in the particular country, marketing mix strategies along with strategic business plans to compete in the international market (Onkvisit & Shaw, â€Å"International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy†). From the perspective of American Marketing Association (AMA), international marketing is the global practice of planning and manipulating the inherent strategies of an organization along with the pricing strategies, strategies of promotion and allocation of products, services or ideas that satisfy the consumers along with the organization goals (Onkvisit & Shaw, â€Å"International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy†). The paper intends to study about the various aspects of international marketing which will affect TATA Motors’ cars in the United States market. The study of market analysis with various aspects, such as general information of the US market, social and cultural analysis of the US consumers, economic analysis of the US market as well as political and legal situation of the US has been focused upon through this paper. Market entry strategy of TATA Motors including situational analysis, target market and product positioning along with different features of marketing mix have also been highlighted through this paper. In the present globalised market scenario within the automobile sector, the US car market is one of the most sought after places for the international car manufacturing companies. However, the car market segment of the country has faced deficits in terms of selling units. The sales of personal cars or light weight vehicles were previously 11% in the year 2010 and increased by 10% in the year of 2011. The fluctuating scenario of the US car market signifies the increasing

Horizon international flight academy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Horizon international flight academy - Essay Example Belongingness involves family, love and friendship (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2006). The fourth stage is esteem, and Maslow denotes that human beings are in need of achievement, respect, confidences, and self esteem. The highest need in this hierarchy is self-actualization (Beck, 2004). Under this stage, man is driven by the need of growth and achieving success. It involves solving the various problems that an individual has to face in life, and being motivated (Schultz, 2013). The next motivational theory is Alderfer’s ERG theory. This theory is also referred to as the three needs theories, which are existence, relatedness, and growth (ERG). Under existence, an individual needs the basic facilities necessary to facilitate his or her survival within the community (Schultz, 2013). These basic needs are food, shelter, clothing, and even security. On this basis, Alderfer categorized the physiological and safety needs under existence (Fa?bregas and Scalise, 2012). It is important to d enote that these two aspects were categorized differently under the hierarchy of needs theory. Under relatedness, Alderfer denotes that the need to develop and maintain relationships is important. This is the second most important need that an individual needs to satisfy. ... David McClelland describes three types of motivational needs, namely; Achievement. Power. Affiliation. According to McClelland, these needs are found in every individual, and they determine the manner in which an individual interacts with others. Under achievement, an individual sets to realize the goals that he or she has set up to achieve. There is always a strong need of accomplishment, which must be followed by feedbacks. The second need is the need of power. Under this principle, an individual has the desire to have authority, and to be a decision maker. This also involves the desire for a person to increase his or her prestige and social status. The third need is the need for affiliation (Karabenick and Urdan, 2010). Under this need, an individual needs friends, and therefore there is a desire to interact and socialize with his or her peers. Another theory of motivation is the Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Model. Under this theory, Herzberg denotes that there are factors that can cause job satisfaction, and there are also other factors that can cause job dissatisfaction (Lange, 2012). On this basis, when an employer is developing policies in regard to motivating his or her employees, they need to know factors that will motivate them, and factors that won’t motivate them. Herzberg further identifies the concepts of motivators, and hygiene factors. Motivators are factors that provide positive job satisfaction, while hygiene factors always provide negative job satisfaction (Lange, 2012). Finally, Adams’s Equity Theory of Motivation is an example of a theory of justice. It explains the satisfaction of an individual’s needs in terms of equity in the distribution of resources. This theory denotes that an individual who

Write an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Write an - Essay Example Black represents boldness while whi represents light. Indeed, this piece of art is a reflection of a traditional era but there is life in it. First impression: My first impression of this piece of art was hilarious and I was so fascinated about the way it looked liked. The piece of art was so gigantic and resembling a true image of a living human being. However, what impressed more about this piece of art was the size. Extended viewing: Even the biggest person I have ever imagined could not match the size of the person portrayed by this sculpture. My initial impression about this piece of art was positive since it shows a high degree of artistry skill where a true image of a living human being can be designed using different types of material such as metal and bronze. Line: line is emphasized in the form of height in this piece of art. Height entails that the sky is the limit and this implies that human beings can achieve anything they want in their lives if they commit themselves to that particular action. The human beings are endowed with the brains and they can achieve whatever they want in order to improve their lives. Space: The other element of art portrayed in this piece is related to space. It can be observed that the piece of art is proportionally presented meaning that it occupies adequate space to be in control of the surrounding environment. The space shows that the person represented has free movement and can control the environment around him. Balance: The principle of design that is emphasized in this piece of art is related to the aspect of balance. Apart from the enormous height of the piece of art, it can be seen that it is balanced and firmly upright. This reflects great skill of the artist to show that they can defy other natural elements that can otherwise make it impossible for such a huge feature to stand upright. The colors are also balanced in order to make the art attractive to the viewer. These

Freedom Writers - About the Power of One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom Writers - About the Power of One - Essay Example The system had simply given up on these kids and during the initial minutes it appears that Erin is totally clueless about what to do with these kids and how to educate them. However, the movie soon gets interesting when charged with the optimism and persistence of Erin. Instead of fitting in like a brick in the wall, Erin decides to be different, she decides to tap into the power of one, she strongly believes that these kids are capable of being educated and reformed as any other kid studying in a high end school. It is this strong belief in her power and her capacity to make a change that constitutes the foundation on which this story stands. Rather than getting dismayed by the activities and beliefs of her students, Erin uses them as an aid to further their education. For instance when a Hispanic student comes out with a racially driven picture of one of his classmates, Erin, rather than getting disappointed and cynical, uses the opportunity to teach the kids about racial discrimi nation and the evils perpetrated on the innocent people in the name of racial pride. Placed in an environment that is utterly racist and discriminatory, Eric decides to use the Holocaust as a background to teach these kids about tolerance and racial harmony. She tells the kids as to how in the Nazi Germany thousands of Jews were killed, harassed and exploited in the name of racial pride. Erin chooses to dilute the students’ hatred for one another by teaching them as to how racial prejudice could lead to the exploitation of the harmless and the innocent. The class which was so far averse to the gestures of Erin soon starts to get interested in her and their interest starts to gather around the theme of Holocaust, directly leading to a... Freedom Writers shows as to how sometimes the aversion towards change is inbuilt within the system and how this disinclination towards change presents opposition to the individual personalities supportive and desirous of change. As the efforts and methods of Erin proceed to rake in change amongst her students, it leads to a conflict with her superiors and her husband owing to their cynical and stubborn thinking. Though not directly hinted in the movie, it could be said that the colleagues and superiors of Erin resist her not only out of jealousy, but, also because they somehow do not want these students to succeed, whom they had once labeled as the dredge of the society. Though, they simply could not bear to see Erin succeed with them, Erin with her resilience and perseverance, somehow always finds a way to navigate across the obstacles set by them. The one thing that the movie Freedom Writers teaches is that not only the change could begin with one, but rather change always begins with one. It is always the faith, perseverance and efforts of a single personality that ignites the imagination of millions and brings about the desired change in the societies.

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

Sociology - Essay Example This globalization process has been strongly debated in the media, political and social circles for the past several years. If one includes colonialism as an ancestor of the process, one could say the debate has raged for generations. The International Monetary Fund defines globalization as â€Å"a historical process† involving â€Å"the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows† (International Monetary Staff 2002). Globalization is typically considered a necessary and unavoidable process leading to future world economic development. However, many have criticized the process because it tends to exacerbate present inequalities that exist within and between nations, threatens the employment and living standards of individuals in all countries and prevents the natural social progress with which each of these countries have been engaged. It seems clear that even though the process is unlikely to change or to reverse , very few people are likely to benefit from the process called globalization. The ways in which many organizations conduct business have changed dramatically under the concept of globalization. It is the survival strategy of the marketplace to continuously strive to increase efficiency within the workplace by producing the greatest quantity of products with the least expenditure of resources. As globalization continues, this is also changing the way in which companies conduct business, such as through the concept of the value-added chain. â€Å"In its most basic form, a value-added chain is ‘the process by which technology is combined with material and labor inputs, and the processed inputs are assembled, marketed, and distributed† (Gereffi, Humphrey & Sturgeon, 2005). By outsourcing many activities and production processes to less developed countries and marketing to more developed countries, many corporations have also

Impacts of Negative Leadership Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Negative Leadership Essay Leadership carries considerable influence and responsibility within any organization. Leaders are challenged daily with how to manage this influence effectively. Communication plays a key role in this approach and can have significant impacts to the leader and their staff. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impacts of negative leadership behavior regarding communication and effects on the team as well as the overall organization. Experience with Negative Leadership Behavior Over my career, there have been negative leadership behaviors experienced with both direct mangers and senior management. One of the most destructive is lack of communication. Recently, an executive manager was going to be out of the office for an entire week. This leader has four direct reports of which three are group leaders. The executive manager casually mentions to one of the direct reports that she will be out of the office the following week at a seminar. The direct report appropriately relays this information to their team supervisor to address any concerns or open issues in advance of this absence. The same communication was not made to the remaining three direct reports, in any form, by the executive manager. As the business week of the absence began, the other three direct reports incur an issue require assistance from the executive manager. These managers were rendered unproductive and left wondering when the leader was going to be in the office so that they can discuss the problem at hand. During subsequent discussions, the team supervisor aware of the absence is the one to notify the other three direct reports that their direct manager was out for the week. The gap in communication impacted the teams noted but also other service partners and finally the client due to the delays in resolving the issue timely. It is also important to note that this is not an isolated incident but had happened previously having similar impacts to the same parties noted above. Analysis of Leadership Behavior The leadership behavior described in this experience appears straightforward at the surface but is far reaching in its impact to the firm. The leader showed consistent lack of personal integrity as well as respect and empathy for her staff by not relating her accessibility on a regular basis. It impacts the morale of the direct reports and deteriorates their working relationships ability to collaborate. The leader did not inform all direct reports of her absence. Without a collective knowledge, a subset of the larger reporting team was less effective and efficient during this time. This also created a gap in escalation when issues arose. Lastly it weakens the culture of inclusion. By being excluded, part of the management staff experienced a decrease in satisfaction subsequently affecting their overall performance. Attrition is a by product as well of this negative behavior. Supporting Research of Negative Leadership Behavior â€Å"For it is character through which leadership is exercised, it is character that sets the example and is imitated in turn†¦. The more successfully tomorrow’s manager does his work, the greater will be the integrity required of him†¦. No matter what a man’s general education or his adult education for management, what will be decisive above all, in the future even more than in the past, is neither education nor skill; it is integrity of character† stated Drucker (1954) reiterating the important of reliability in leadership positions. Leading by example creates the ability for the team to tangibly see this character on a daily basis. Additional leadership duties like consideration and management of emotions are becoming more important in the leader-membership interaction per Meike, Jacobs Soares (2012). As these duties increase so will the need for leaders to develop empathetic skills with regard to their staff. This will include appreciation, trust and open communication. Per Fuller and Green (2005), leaders are responsible for embedding strategy in the organization by developing an excellent team, picking the right roles and allowing the rest of the team to make the strategic moves. This requires teams that can function in unison with high level of collaboration. Lack of communication will cause a disjointed approach affecting the vision of the organization ultimately impacting the firm’s success. Hoffman, Bynum, Piccolo and Sutton (2011) noted that transformational leaders are able to articulate a vision that emphasizes the way in which collective goals are consonant with follower values, causing followers to regard organizational goals as their own and submit extra effort toward goals and accomplishments. This sets the groundwork for a culture of inclusion within an organization. When strong unified behavior, values and beliefs have been developed, a strong organizational cultures does emerge per Tsai (2011). Leaders have a primary role in growing and upholding the firm’s culture. It encourages performance and leads to long lasting job satisfaction. When this is not present, organizations will see increased conflict, reduced dialogue between managers and teams and a progressively dysfunctional environment. According to social identify theory, unfair treatment from supervisors may arouse a negative identification which in turn leads employees’ negative behaviors in organizations as outlined by Duan, Lam, Chen and Zhong (2010). This emphasizes the pattern of negative leadership behavior that has the ability to funnel throughout the entire organization is not addressed. Recommendation for Strengthening Leadership Behavior Leadership is a dynamic, ever changing role and requires the leader to be aware of her own behavior and the potential impacts of this behavior on the team. In this situation, the leader needs to understand the value of leading by example. For the team to utilize the leader for her depth of knowledge and broader perspective, a level of reliability needs to be established. From a time management standpoint, simple steps like sharing the leader’s calendar with direct reports could alleviate this issue on a go-forward. This type of planning and organization will benefit the leader as well as the staff’s perception of her abilities and character. Interpersonal skills like active listening, feedback and conflict resolution are critical as well for any leader. Being able to engage her direct reports and the larger staff in a meaningful way will allow for the team dynamic to shift to a positive state. These relationships can be developed through mentoring and engaging the direct reports in projects or other work the leader is responsible for providing insight to her managers of the next level and current challenges of the firm. This end to end view develops the direct reports as well as building a more full bodied relationship with the leader. The impact to the organization also needs a voice n acknowledging the effects of this negative behavior. The leader is accountable for the resulting impacts of any action they take while representing the firm. In this case, the lower performance and higher attrition are concrete costs to the organization. The leader needs to answer for the consequences ofher behavior to a higher power like senior management, stock holders or similar. Conclusion Negative leadership behavior comes in many forms and lack of communication is one of the most pervasive. This paper provides an example of this type of negative leadership and the effects to the staff and organization. It also provides an outline of productive steps to modify the leader’s behavior and limit the adverse impacts in the future. References Duan, J. , Lam, W. , Chen, Z. , Zhong, J. A. (2010). Leadership justice, negative organizational behaviors, and mediating effect of affective commitment. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(9), 1287-1296. doi: 10. 2224/sbp. 2010. 38. 9. 1287 Drucker, P. (1954). The practice of management. New York, NY: Harper Row. Fuller, J. N. , Green, J. C. (2005). The leader’s role in strategy. Graziadio Business Review, 8(2). Retrieved from http://gbr. pepperdine. edu/2010/08/the-leaders-role-in-strategy/ Hoffman, B. J. , Bynum, B. H. , Piccolo, R. F. , Sutton, A. W. (2011). Person-organization value Congruence: How transformational leaders influence work group effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 779-796. Meike, S. , Jacobs, K. , Soares, M. M. (2012). Emotions and leadership. Reason and impact of emotions in the organizational context. Work, 41, 5671-5673. doi 10. 3233/WOR-2012-0915-5671 Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 98-106. doi: 10. 1186/1472-6963-11-98

A Study Of HIV And Aids Health Essay

A Study Of HIV And Aids Health Essay HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV is not like other viruses and different from other, the reason is it attacks the immune system. HIV discovers and destroys a form of white blood cell, T-cells or CD4 cells, which the immune system must have to fight diseases. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it is the final phase of HIV infection. Possibly, it can take many years to a person get infected from this disease called HIV to get at this stage. With the problem of AIDS refers to that the virus has damaged the immune system to the point at which the human body has a tough time fighting with infections. When some person has one or more than one particular infections, specific cancers or a very low number of T-cells, the person is regarded as a patient of AIDS. HIV transmission can take place when blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, or breast milk from an infected individual comes into the body of an uninfected individual. HIV can come in the body all through a vein, the lining of the anus or rectum, the lining of the vagina, the opening to the penis, the mouth, the eyes, the nose, or cuts and slashes. The most ordinary methods that HIV is transmitted from one individual to another individual is be having sex (anal, vaginal or oral) with an HIV infected individual, or by sharing an infected needles with an HIV, or from if mother is infected from HIV, than the baby also gets infected during birth or through breastfeeding after birth. HIV can also be passed on through receipt of infected blood. Though, from the year 1985, all donated blood in the United States must be tested for HIV. So, the chances of infection all through transfusion of blood or products related to blood is extremely low down. Some healthcare workers have become infected after being stuck with needles containing HIV-infected blood or when infected blood comes in contact with a workers open cut or is splashed into a workers eyes or inside their nose. There has been only one instance of a patient being infected by an HIV-infected dentist to his patient. HIV attacks the immune system. The immune system is a group of cells and organs that protect your body by fighting disease. The human immune system usually finds and kills viruses fairly quickly. However, different viruses attack different parts of the body. HIV attacks a special type of immune system cell known as a CD4 lymphocyte. HIV has many ways of evading the bodys defenses including the ability to rapidly mutate. This means that once HIV has taken hold, the immune system can never fully get rid of it. In the situation, if left is not treated, then HIV will ultimately weaken the immune system to the extent that an individual will become sick with different types of infections, known as opportunistic infections. AIDS defining illness are considered to be as most serious opportunistic infections. When an individual becomes sick with one of the AIDS defining illness, he is said to have AIDS. There isnt any way to tell just by looking if someones been infected by HIV. In fact, a person infected with HIV may look and feel perfectly well for many years and may not know that they are infected. However, as the persons immune system weakens, they become increasingly vulnerable to illnesses. The only reliable way to tell whether someone has HIV is for them to take a simple blood test, which can detect infection within just a few weeks after the virus enters the body. The most important type of treatment for HIV or AIDS is known as antiretroviral treatment. This treatment comprises of drugs that should be taken every single day for the remaining life. The main motive of antiretroviral treatment is to remain the proportion of HIV in the human body at very low level. This also discontinues weakening of the immune system and permits the immune system to get better from any damage that HIV possibly has caused by now. If an individual is taking two or more than two antiretroviral drugs at the same time, that is called combination therapy. By taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV drugs is a little referred to as HAART. HAART stands for Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Luckily, there are more than 20 approved antiretroviral drugs accessible and unluckily, there is no list licensed or available in each and every country. Initially, the combination of drugs that an individual is given is called first-line therapy. If after some time, HIV becomes opposed to this combination or if there will be any side effects, a move to second line therapy is suggested. Second line therapy consists of at least of three new drugs so as to increase success. Apart from this, there are many other things through which you can decrease the risk of catching HIV or passing it along to someone else. The simplest is to withdraw or abstain from sex like so not have oral, anal or vaginal. Until, you should have love or relationship with only one person or having sex with only each other and both of you should be familiar with each others HIV status. If any of you have HIV, use protection like condoms to avoid other sexually transmitted diseases and likely infections with a different damage of HIV. If only one of you has HIV, use a latex condom and lubricant every time you have sex. If you have, or plan to have, more than one sex partner, get tested for HIV. If you are a man who has had sex with other men, get tested at least once a year. If you are a woman who is planning to get pregnant or who is pregnant, get tested as soon as possible before you have your baby. Talk about HIV and other STDs with each partner before you have sex. Learn as much as you can about each partners past behavior, including sex and drug use, and consider the risks to your health before you have sex. Ask your partners if they have recently been tested for HIV, and encourage those who have not been tested to do so. Use a latex condom and lubricant every time you have sex. If you think you may have been exposed to another STD, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, or Chlamydia, get treatment. These STDs can increase your risk of getting HIV. Get vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus. Even if you think you ha ve a low risk for HIV infection, get tested whenever you have a regular medical check-up. Do not inject illicit drugs. You can get HIV through needles, syringes, and other paraphernalia if they are contaminated with the blood of someone who has HIV. Drugs also cloud your judgment, which may result in riskier sex. If you do inject drugs, use only clean needles and syringes, and never share needles or syringes. Be careful not to expose yourself to another persons blood. Get tested for HIV at least once a year. Also, consider getting counseling and treatment for your drug use, and get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. Fortunately, there are numerous organizations that assist HIV/AIDS victims and are constantly working to find a cure. One of these organizations is the Global AIDS Alliance (GAA). The goal of the GAA is to stop the global AIDS crisis and to limit the impact it has on poor countries that are hit hardest by the epidemic. The GAA was founded in 2001 and plays a critical role in shaping the AIDS policy debate and campaigns to speed the global response to HIV/AIDS. In just a few years, the GAA has achieved considerable success in increasing funding and influencing AIDS policy. In the future, the GAA plans to achieve universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care by 2010. Works Cited AIDS/HIV. About.com. Jan. 2009. 11 Jan. 2009 . Global Aids Alliance. 2008. 11 Jan. 2009 . HIV/AIDS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Jan. 2009. Department of Health and Human Services. 11 Jan. 2009 . Mulvihill, M. L., M. Zelman, P. Holdaway, E. Tompary, and J. Raymond. Instructors Resource Manual: Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. What is Aids? Avert: Averting HIV and AIDS. Dec. 2008. 11 Jan. 2009 .

Areas of Learning in Childcare Environment

Areas of Learning in Childcare Environment Q.1. Identify each of the three prime areas and four specific areas of learning? The Early year’s foundation Stage areas of learning and development have been produced by the government and early year’s professionals for use by all early years’ providers including child minders. It is important for practitioners to become familiar with how the areas of learning and development are arranged in the framework. We need to use the areas of learning and development when we are observing, assessing and planning for your child’s individual needs. These areas make sure that we are constantly challenging the child and helping them to develop and succeed. There are seven areas of learning and they are split into 2 parts: The 3 prime areas, which are for all children and will always, be the main focus of the planning and activities for babies and children under 3. The 4 specific areas, they are for all the older children (over 3s) but are also relevant for younger children. These are the 3 prime areas: Personal, social and emotional development (PSED) PSED involves supporting children in developing and sustaining important relationships. It supports children in expressing and managing their feeling and behaviour and encourages them to develop a sense of self-esteem and confidence. It also covers how children make friends and shared and takes turns. Physical development: Physical development involves encouraging children to be active in their play and learning. This area is about how children move and uses gross motor skills, develop fine motor skills, learn about healthy living and manage self-care independently. Communication and Language: This area involves children developing the skills required to become an effective speaker and listener. It involves children to listen and pay attention, understand what is being said and communication with others. Accurate identification of the 3 prime areas of learning and a good overview of what each area involves. These are the four specific areas: Literacy: This area of learning and development is about how children enjoy reading book, likes to make marks, learn to write and stars to explore phonics and letter sounds. Mathematics: This area involves how children learn about numbers and counting, recognising the passing of time and explores measures, capacity, space, shapes, opposites etc. during play. Understanding the world: This area learning and development is about how children find out about nature and the world around them, talk about people and their local community and learns about similarities and differences and learns to confidently use ICT equipment. Art and design: This area of learning and development is about how children enjoy being creative, sings and dances and makes music, plays imaginatively and uses express themselves. Sources: www.optimuseducation.com www.bridgewater.herts.sch.uk (NEW EYFS Summary 2012.pdf) Good. Q.2. Explain how planning can be devised to promote the individual needs of children? All children develop at their own rate and in their own time this should be remembered when planning activities. Children develop quickly in early years and as early years practitioners we need to do all that we can do to help children have the best possible start in life. Children are born ready, able and eager to learn. They actively reach out to interact with other people and in the world around them. Development is not and automatic process, however it depends on each unique child having opportunities to interact in positive relationships and enabling environments. Early years’ experience should build on what children already know and can do, no child should be excluded or disadvantage because of ethnicity, culture or religion home language, family background, special education needs disability or ability. To be effective an early year’s curriculum should be carefully structured. In that structure there should be three strands. Provision for the different starting points from which children develop their learning, building on what they can already do. Relevant and appropriate content that matches the different level of young children needs. Planned and purposeful activity that provides opportunities of teaching and learning, both indoors and outdoors. There should be opportunities for children to engage, in activities which are planned by adults and also those that they plan or initiate themselves. Good point. As a practitioner we must be able to observe and respond appropriately to children, in found by knowledge of how children develop and learn a clear understanding of possible next steps in their development and learning. Activities need to be planned properly; it should engage children in the learning process and help them make progress in their learning. Children to have rich and simulating experience, the learning environment should be well planned and well organised. It provides the structure for teaching within which children explore experiment, plan and make decisions for them thus enabling them to learn, develop and make good progress. As practitioner we need to understand and observe each child’s development and learning progress. For example in response of a child’s experience of breaking an arm and bringing in her x-ray, and children showing interest in the child’s plaster cast. Practitioners can set up a hospital in the nursery setting. They can add reception area with telephone, children can take a role of receptionist answering calls and making appointments. Children can dress up as doctors, nurses and patients. Practitioners can show children how to use bandages. Although children join and leave the play, many sustain their attention for a long time. Some play a number of roles and perform many actions, while some repeat and practise the experiences important to them. A good example. The practitioners should make sure that the children spend their time in worthwhile and challenging activities. Throughout the session there is a supportive routine with a mix of group and individual activities together with opportunities for children to make choices about activities. This provides the security which promotes confidence and the challenge which promotes learning. Source: www.foundationyears.org.uk http://osclinks.com/618 Q.3. Describe how practitioner can support children’s learning and development in each area of learning? Prime areas There are three prim areas of learning. 1. Physical Development 2. Communication and language development 3.Personal, social and emotional development. These prime areas begin to develop from a base of secure, loving relationship and positive. The area of physical development is divided into two aspects. Moving and handling: Moving and handling looks at children’s development of gross and fine motor skills. Children can show good control and co-ordination in large and small movements. They move confidently in a range of ways, safely negotiating space. They handle equipment and tools effectively, including pencil for writing. From birth, babies begin their development and will first learn to turn their heads towards sounds or bright lights. Development is rapid in the early years and babies will learn to hold their head up, move their arms and legs, roll over and gain control of their bodies to sit up. Major developmental milestones are achieved within this aspect, such as crawling, walking, running, jumping and climbing. Health and self-care: In health and self-care development children needs to know the importance for good health of physical exercise, and a healthy diet, and talk about ways to keep healthy and safe. Babies express discomfort when they are hungry or thirsty through crying to ensure their needs are met. Babies will often show excitement in anticipation for their feed. As babies are weaned onto solid food, they will begin to open their mouth for a spoon and as they become older will show an interest in feeding themselves using a spoon and their fingers. Children will be willing to try new and different food textures and tastes, but will begin to form likes and dislikes with their food. Children need to manage their own basic hygiene and personal needs successfully, including dressing and going to the toilet independently. The area of communication and language is divided into three aspects: Listening and attention This looks at children’s development of listening skills. Children listen attentively in range of situations. From birth, children will begin to tune in to the sounds around them, turning to look for where the sound has come from and recognising their main carer’s voice. These skills of listening develop and refine as a child becomes older − they will be able to differentiate between voices and will begin to understand the meaning of words. As children come to the end of early years their listening and attention skills will be more mature. They listen to stories, accurately anticipating key events and respond to what they hear with relevant comments, questions or actions. Children give their attention to what others say and respond appropriately, while engaged in another activity. Understanding: In this area we look at how children learn to understand the principles of language and communication. Children follow instructions involving several ideas or actions. They answer ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions about their experiences and in response to stories or events. They continue their development by gaining understanding of the meanings of single words such as ‘mummy’, ‘daddy’, ‘no’. The complexity of the words and sentences a child understands and can respond to increases as a child grows older. Speaking: Speaking looks at how children actually use language. It includes childrens verbal and non-verbal communication. Children express themselves effectively, showing awareness of listeners’ needs. They use past, present and future forms accurately when talking about events that have happened or are to happen in the future. They develop their own narratives and explanations by connecting ideas or events. The area of personal, social, emotional development is divided in three aspects: Making relationship: This looks at the way in which babies and young people develop relationships. Children play co-operatively, taking turns with others. They take account of one another’s ideas about how to organise their activity.They show sensitivity to others’ needs and feelings, and form positive relationships with adultsand other children. Self confidance and self awarancess Children are confident to try new activities, and say why they like some activities more than others. They are confident to speak in a familiar group, will talk about their ideas, and will choose the resources they need for their chosen activities. They say when they do or don’t need help. Children will develop confidence to express their feelings and opinions and will be able to select their own activities that interest them. Managing feelings and behaviour: Children talk about how they and others show feelings, talk about their own and others’ behaviour, and its consequences, and know that some behaviour is unacceptable.They work as part of a group or class, and understand and follow the rules.They adjust their behaviour to different situations, and take changes of routine in their stride. The four specific areas: 1. Literacy 2. Maths 3. Understanding the world 4. Expressive arts and design The area of literacy is divided into two aspects: Reading: Children read and understand simple sentences. They use phonic knowledge to decode regular words and read them aloud accurately. They also read some common irregular words. They demonstrate understanding when talking with others about what they have read. Writing: Children use their phonic knowledge to write words in ways which match their spoken sounds. They also write some irregular common words. They write simple sentences which can be read by themselves and others. Some words are spelt correctly and others are phonetically plausible. Mathmathics: The area of maths is divided into two aspects: Numeracy: Children count reliably with numbers from 1 to 20, place them in order and say which number is one more or one less than a given number. Using quantities and objects, they add and subtract two single-digit numbers and count on or back to find the answer. They solve problems, including doubling, halving and sharing. Shape, space and measures: Children use everyday language to talk about size, weight, capacity, position, distance, time and money to compare quantities and objects and to solve problems. They recognise, create and describe patterns. They explore characteristics of everyday objects and shapes and use mathematical language to describe them. Expressive art and design: The area of art and design is divided into two aspects: Exploring and using media and materials: Children sing songs, make music and dance, and experiment with ways of changing them. They safely use and explore a variety of materials, tools and techniques, experimenting with colour, design, texture, form and function. Being Imagantive: Children use what they have learnt about media and materials in original ways, thinking about uses and purposes. They represent their own ideas, thoughts and feelings through design and technology, art, music, dance, role-play and stories. Understanding the world: This area has three areas of aspects: People and communities: Children talk about past and present events in their own lives and in the lives of family members. They know that other children don’t always enjoy the same things, and are sensitive to this. They know about similarities and differences between themselves and others, and among families, communities and traditions. The world: Children know about similarities and differences in relation to places, objects, materials and living things. They talk about the features of their own immediate environment and how environments might vary from one another. They make observations of animals and plants and explain why some things occur, and talk about changes. Technology: Children recognise that a range of technology is used in places such as homes and schools. They select and use technology for particular purposes. Source: www.silkysteps.com/2012-eyfs-early-learning-goals.html Q. 4. Evaluate how the effective characteristics of learning can promote children’s learning and development. The Unique Child reaches out to relate to people and things through the Characteristics of Effective Learning, which move through all areas of learning. -playing and exploring (Finding out and exploring) (Playing with what they know) (Being willing to have a go) -active learning (Being involved and concentrating) (Keeping on trying) (Enjoying achieving what they set out to do) -creating and thinking critically (Having their own ideas) (Making links) (Choosing ways to do things and finding new ways) Playing and exploring Play and exploration are key ways that children to learn. As Vygotsky, the famous Russian psychologist whose work has been so important to our understanding of child development, stated: in play the child operates at their highest level ‘beyond his average age, above his daily behaviour; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself’ (Vygotsky, 1978: 102). Finding out and exploring: Exploratory play is important to all of us. It is how babies begin to understand their surroundings and the relationships between themselves and others, using all their senses and every part of the body. Gopnik e al. (1999) describe babies and toddlers as young scientists, testing out and often repeating the same actions time and again to establish an idea about the object in question and what their own actions can do. Their explorations continue as they grow and develop. Playing with what they know: From the beginning as they play and explore, babies and young children build a repertoire of knowledge, skills and understanding, using memory, and they are also able to imagine possibilities. Being willing to have a go: Through play, children will develop their self-confidence and will enjoy challenge and risk. They will have a positive attitude and will be more likely to try out new experiences and activities without fear of failure. ‘There is no activity children are better prepared for than fantasy play. Nothing is more dependable and risk-free, and the dangers are only pretend’ (Paley, 2004: 8). Active learning: The second characteristic of learning is not about being physically active, which of course is important in children’s learning and development, but refers to being mentally active and alert. Being involved and concentrating: When a child is deeply involved she/he cannot easily be distracted. The importance of play and exploration cannot be underestimated as it is when children make their own choices, follow their natural curiosity and own train of thought that deep involvement is most likely to happen. Keeping on trying: Through trying out new experiences and activities, children will experience and disappointment. This aspect looks at how children persist in challenging activities and tries out alternative methods when difficulties occur. This process promotes problem-solving skills in children and will support the development of self-confidence. ‘As soon as children become able to evaluate themselves, some of them are afraid of challenges. They become afraid of not being smart’ (Dweck, 2008: 16) Enjoying achieving what they set out to do: Succeeding at their activities and achieving new skills will give children a feeling of satisfaction and pride in their own abilities. Children will be proud of the process they have followed in order to achieve the task and will be more likely to try out further activities to achieve that same sense of satisfaction. Creating and thinking critically: When children have opportunities to play with ideas in different situations and with a variety of resources, they discover connections and come to new and better under-standings and ways of doing things. Adult support in this process enhances their ability to think critically and ask questions. (EYFS card 4.3, 2008) Having their own ideas: Enabling children to think critically and creatively means encouraging them to play and investigate, providing a rich environment with interesting things to discover, explore and wonder about and, crucially, time to do so. Making links: Once a child has discovered their own ideas and methods, they will be excited to try them out. Practitioners can support this through engaging in sustained shared thinking with the child to help them to further explore their ideas. Choosing ways to do things: This aspect of the Characteristics of Learning involves the child in making choices as to how to go about something and is not about following instructions. When children are involved in their own self-chosen activities they are more likely to want to find the right strategy to achieve their goal. Source: mcgraw-hill.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335247530.pdf http://osclinks.com/618